European Colonization of the Americas Emphasis on the North American British Colonies
Colonies in the Americas SPANISH BRITISH FRENCH GOALS Win converts to Christianity Gain Land and Riches God, Glory, and Gold Commercial Ventures Haven for persecuted religious groups Permanent colonies Fishing, fur trapping GOVERNMENT King exercises strict control through Council of the Indies and viceroys Overseen by royal governors Colonists enjoy large degree of self-government At first, France paid little attention Later, king (monarch) exercised control over justice and economy RELIGION Catholic Church influences colonial government Missionaries seek converts to Christianity (Catholic) Haven for religious persecution City on a Hill Missionaries sought converts to Christianity (Catholic) Prohibited settling by Protestants SLAVERY Used Native Americans, then African slaves Brutal African slaves, especially on southern plantations African slaves in the Caribbean colonies INTERACTION WITH NATIVE AMERICANS Conquered and destroyed native civilizations Some early settlers helped by native Americans Later settlers fought native Americans for land Native Americans helped fur traders claim territory Settlers married native American women
European Imperial Claims and Settlements in Eastern North America, 1565–1625
French & Spanish Occupation of North America, to 1750
Eastern North America in 1650
New Netherlands & New Sweden
The Caribbean Colonies, 1660
Ethnic Groups in Colonial America
New England Colonies Colony (Date founded) Leader Reasons founded Massachusetts Plymouth (1620) Massachusetts Bay (1630) William Bradford Miles Standish John Winthrop Religious Freedom New Hampshire (1622) Ferdinando Gorges John Mason Profit from trading and fishing Connecticut Hartford (1636) New Haven (1639) Thomas Hooker Religious and political freedom Expand trade Rhode Island (1636) Roger Williams Religious freedom (dissent)
Colonizing New England
New England Spreads Out
Settlement Patterns within New England Towns, 1630–1700
New England Colonies, 1650
The Dominion of New England, 1686-1689
Population Comparisons: New England vs. the Chesapeake
Southern Colonies Colony (Date founded) Leader Reasons founded Virginia (1607) John Smith Trade and farming Maryland (1632) Lord Baltimore Profit from land sales Religious (Catholic) and political freedom The Carolinas (1663) North (1712) South (1712) Group of 8 proprietors Religious freedom Georgia (1732) James Oglethorpe Profit Home for debtors Buffer against Spanish Florida
page50.jpg Map: Land Grants to the Virginia Company
River Plantations in Virginia, c. 1640
Chesapeake Expansion, 1607–1700
page60.jpg Map: Early Virginia and Maryland
Power and Race in the Chesapeake: Enoch Pratt Free Library of Baltimore.
Settling the “Lower South”
18th Century Southern Colonies
Middle Colonies Colony (Date founded) Leader Reasons founded New York (1624) Peter Minuit Expand trade Delaware (1638) Swedish settlers New Jersey (1664) John Berkeley George Carteret Profit from land sales Religious and political freedom Pennsylvania (1682) William Penn
European Colonization in the Middle and North Atlantic, c. 1650
Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies
New York Manors & Land Grants Dutch (Holland, the Netherlands) “Patroonships”
Duke of York’s Original Charter
Britain’s American Empire, 1713