U.S. Diplomacy: From Semi-Internationalism and Isolationism to War

Semi Internationalism Europe: No Strategic Commitment through Versailles or Bilateral Collective Security Arrangements Examples include Dawes Plan, Young Plan, and Kellogg-Briand Pact Asia: Dollar Diplomacy and Disarmament: Examples include Washington Naval Pact and Second Banking Consortium

Problems with reparations Linked to War Guilt Clause (Kriegsschuldfrage) Reparations Commission sets amount and payments schedule 1921 Germany makes first payments, then defaults Belgians and French seize Ruhr area (industrial heartland) To support population, Weimar Republic turns on the printing presses Finishes great decade of inflation RM = $ Billion RM = $1

Implications French and Belgians enforce the Versailles System Occupation ended with intercession of Charles Dawes and Dawes Plan War debts still not forgiven: Europeans link forgiveness of Reparation on War Debts Furthers radicalization of German politics and further undermines Weimar Republic Example: Murders of Weimar Ministers by right wing extremists Example: Middle class proletarianized by inflation

Charles Dawes

Reparations, War Loans American Bonds Snafu

The Washington System in Asia Washington Naval Conferences, Link demilitarization with Open Door and a re- emergence of “dollar diplomacy” US investment in China and Japan Supported Japanese Civilian Governments Problem: Worked so long as American money flowed Problem: Intersected with Revolution in China

Legacy of World War I in Asia 1914: Japanese occupy Shandong Peninsula 1915: 21 Demands May 4, 1919: News of Versailles settlement reaches China 1921: Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Founded : First United Front: Guomindong (GMD) and CCP cooperate against foreigners 1927: Northern Expedition and White Terror : Long March

The Great Depression 1927 Tokyo Stock Market Crashes 1928 Berlin Stock Market Crashes 1929 New York Stock Market Crashes Banking Crises spread world wide

Impacts In Asia: Down fall of the “Washington System” Japanese Militarists control government 1931 Mukden Incident: Manchurian Invasion New puppet state: Manchukuo 1936: Xian Incident 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident: World War II begins in Asia Rape of Nanjing : Second United Front

The Beginnings of Co-Prosperity

In Europe Breakdown of Versailles System Hitler seizes power 1933 Hitler moves to overturn Versailles System: Rearmament, leaves the League, Remilitarization of Rhineland, Anschluss with Austria, Munich Conference September 1, 1939: War in Poland

The Versailles System

Hitler’s Revisions to the Versailles System

Vienna Nazis Welcome Hitler

The Realities of Nazi Aggression

American Responses Economic Nationalism: Fordney-McCumber 1922 and Smoot-Hawley 1930 No Collective Security Agreements in Europe Non-Recognition of Japanese Aggression (Stimson Doctrine) FDR refuses cooperation with London Economic Conference “Good Neighbor” policy in Latin America

American Responses Continued Nye Committee and Neutrality Legislation, : Cash and Carry, Arms Embargo FDR Wins Third Term. Pledges to keep America out of the war : Measures short of war: Peacetime Conscription 1940, renewed 1941 Destroyers for Bases and Lend Lease (Extended to Russia, June 1941) Atlantic Charter, August 1941 Undeclared Naval War v. Germany War through the back door: Hull-Nomura and Pearl Harbor Fall 1941

Politics of the Second Front American Strategy: Europe First Soviet Goals British Goals Turning Point: Stalingrad, August February 1943 American Fears: Nightmare of a Closed World

World War II in Europe

War Time Conferences Churchill comes to Washington, 1942 Teheran 1943: Stalin, FDR, Churchill Cairo and Quebec: Unconditional Surrender and Morgenthau Plan Yalta February 1945: Declaration on Liberated Europe Dumbarton Oakes: United Nations Breton Woods: World Bank, IMF, GATT Global Economic policy: No more 1930s

Post War Europe

The War in the Pacific Early Japanese offensives Early US Victories: Midway and Guadalcanal Two Plans: Army (MacArthur) v. Navy (King) Jiang Jieshi and General Joseph Stilwell in China: FDR’s fantasy of Republican China Island Hopping: Saipan, Iwo Jima, Okinawa Blockade and bombing: Tokyo February 1945 The Manhattan Project, Russia enters the war, and Hiroshima

The War in Asia

Ambrose’s Thesis Where are the soldiers when the shooting stops? Why does this matter?