C 34: An Age of Anxiety Post-War Pessimism Crash of 1929 Global Depression Economic Experimentation The New Deal

As far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain, and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality. Conscious vs Unconscious? “The Lost Generation”??

October 1929 John Maynard Keynes? The New Deal?

Vladimir Lenin = Rapid Collectivization Confiscations UNPOPULAR New Economic Policy (NEP) * partial privatization * promotion of agriculture * promotion of industry * “Kulaks” and speculation Centralized government/authoritarian Stroke 1922 Died 1924 Peasants who rose to prosperity

Joseph Stalin ( ) “Socialism in One Country”1924 vs. Trotsky “international communist revolutions” Massive Agricultural Collectivization First FIVE YEAR PLAN Ukrainian Famine De-kulakization = SECRET POLICE The GREAT PURGE: 8 million Soviets in labor camps by 1939 (gulags) Isolation Ukraine : 3 million died Including 1 million children

Nikolai Yezhov, the young man walking with Stalin in the top photo from the 1930s, was shot in Following his death, Yezhov was edited out of the photo by Soviet Censors. Such retouching was a common occurrence during Stalin's rule. The Great Purge: Results = Arrests, about 7 million Executed - about 1 million Died in camps - about 2 million In prison, late about 1 million In camps, late about 8 million

Hostile to liberal democracies Hostile to class based visions of the future MILITARISM Alternatives?

Benito Mussolini elected 35 fascists to Italian parliament (“Blackshirts”) 1922 March on Rome King Victor Emmanuel III asked him to become prime minister 1926 Seized total control Adolf Hitler Nazi party becomes the largest party in parliament Hitler appointed Chancellor July 1933 Nazi party only legal party 1933 Compulsory sterilization program begins 1935 Nuremberg Laws 1938 Kristallnacht