Section 1: The British Empire in the Postwar Era CHAPTER 20 Nationalist Movements Around the World Section 1: The British Empire in the Postwar Era Section 2: Turkey, Persia, and Africa Section 3: Unrest in China Section 4: Imperialism in Japan Section 5: Latin America Between the Wars

Bell Ringer 20.1: SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era What was the British reaction to the Indian independence movement’s policies of passive resistance? Passive Resistance British Reaction B_____________ N____________ of taxes

In other parts of the world, revolutionary movements took place. SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era The world struggled to recover after WWI. Just as the economies were beginning to recover . . . the Great Depression struck. In some European countries the economic turmoil helped cause the rise of dictatorships. In other parts of the world, revolutionary movements took place.

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” After WWI, many of the British colonies demanded self-rule.

Egypt SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era After the death of the great leader, Muhammad Ali, his son, Said Pasha, and grandson, Ismail Pasha, created a huge national debt while trying to modernize the government of Egypt and pay for the construction of the Suez Canal. This debt led to a decision by Ismail to sell shares of the Suez Canal to Great Britain. In 1876, seven years after the Suez Canal opened, Great Britain and France gained control of the finances of Egypt. The sultan, unhappy with the decisions of Ismail, dissolves his power and gives his son Tawfik Pasha the position. Egyptian nationalists were upset by the government's weakness and foreign control, and began a revolution. Tawfik asked the British for assistance, and in 1882, they occupied Egypt. The completion of the Suez Canal promised a shorter route to India for the British. It was for this reason that the British decided to purchase the shares offered by Ismail and aid Tawfik in putting down the nationalist movement. Initially, the British promised that once order was restored, they would evacuate the country. This promise was broken, however, and Britain remained in Egypt until 1954. Tawfik, though remaining on the throne as a figurehead prince, lost all governing power to the British consul. The first consul general was Sir Evelyn Baring (known after 1892 as Lord Cromer). In 1882, nationalist Mustafa Kamil revolted against the khedive, or British governor. He fought for self-government and was backed by Tawfik's successor, Abbas II, but was ignored by the British authorities. The revolt eventually caused Great Britain to invade with forces to protect their holdings. Their occupation, though illegal, remained in Egypt until the 1950's. With sufficient control in Egypt, Britain decided to spread its influence into Sudan, Egypt's neighbor to the south. For many years previous, Egypt had had much influence in Sudan and this occupation did not help relations between Egypt and Great Britain. 1914 ~ the British declared Egypt a protectorate. After WWI, a nationalist movement – the Wafd Party – developed and led a popular revolt that was quickly put down.

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era In 1922, the British declared Egypt independent . . . But would leave military forces there to defend Egypt and protect the Suez Canal.

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era In the 1920s and 1930s, the Egyptian nationalists wanted complete independence. 1936 ~ Anglo-Egyptian Treaty British troops would remain in Egypt.

SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era The Middle East

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era Middle Eastern Arabs had helped the British in WWI against the Ottoman Empire. But the British and French imposed control over the area after the war.

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era Eventually the British would recognize the independence of both Transjordan and Iraq . . . But they would maintain a strong military presence in both. The British would keep complete control over Palestine.

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era Since the late 1800s, Jews from Europe had been establishing small colonies in Palestine. Zionism ~ nationalist movement to build homeland for Jews. Balfour Declaration

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era The British had also promised the creation of an independent Arab state that included parts of Palestine. Both Jews and Arabs expected the British to make good on its promises. Tensions rose between the two groups. In 1937 the British declared that a Zionist homeland and an Arab state was incompatible. It recommended dividing the land between the two.

India SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era In return for Indian troops and money during WWI, Britain had promised India more self-government. The British were divided on the issue … but so were the Indians. But any settlement would HAVE to accommodate the diverse groups.

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era Mohandas Gandhi Leader of the Indian nationalist movement …opposed violence in any form. … urged people to gain independence by nonviolently refusing to cooperate with the gov’t Civil disobedience ~ passive resistance How do you do this?

SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era

The British Empire in the Postwar Era SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era 1935 ~ the British allowed India to elect representatives … But full independence was not to be.

SECTION 1 The British Empire in the Postwar Era QUIZ TIME!