The Reflective Self: Early Modern Psychologies

René Descartes ( ) DISCOURSE ON METHOD (1637) RATIONALIST: DEDUCE FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES

“But I soon noticed that while I thus wished to think everything false, it was necessarily true that I who thought so was something. Since this truth, I think therefore I am or exist (cogito ergo sum), was so firm and assured that all the most extravagant suppositions of the sceptics were unable to shake, I judged that I could safely accept it as the first principle of the philosophy I was seeking.” (Discourse on Method, Fourth Part, p. 24)

Descartes’ Dualism res cogitans —Mind Substance immaterial Rational Soul res extensa —Bodily Matter material extended in space

17 th Clockwork and Automata “Digesting Duck”

….. Descartes’ depiction of the mechanics of the response to fire Movement of animal spirits Through the nerves (Treatise of Man, Figure 7)

Descartes, Treatise of Man [1662] (Prometheus Books, 2003), p.76 Brain and Pineal Gland (H) D

Pineal Gland (H)

(1690) Child’s Mind as Blank Tablet- Tabula Rasa Importance of education

EMPIRICIST: KNOWLEDGE COMES THROUGH THE SENSES Treatise of Human Nature, Being an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects David Hume ( )

Hume’s Doubts “The intense view of these manifold contradictions and imperfections in human reason has so wrought upon me, and heated my brain, that I am ready to reject all belief and reasoning, and can look upon no opinion even as more probable or likely than another. Where am I, or what? From what causes do I derive my existence, and to what condition shall I return? Whose favour shall I court, and whose anger must I dread? ” Hume, Treatise of Human Nature, pp

What is the Self? Hume writes, we: “are nothing but a bundle or collection of different perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity and are in a perpetual flux and movement.” (Hume, Treatise, p. 300).

HUME’S SOLUTION: BACKGAMMMON! “Most fortunately it happens, that since reason is incapable of dispelling these clouds, nature herself suffices to that purpose, and cures me of this philosophical melancholy and delirium, either by relaxing this bent of mind, or by some avocation, and lively impression of my senses, which obliterate all these chimeras. I dine, I play a game of backgammon, I converse, and am merry with my friends; and when after three or four hour’s amusement, I wou’d return to these speculations, they appear so cold, and strain’d and ridiculous, that I cannot find in my heart to enter into them any farther.” Treatise of Human Nature, p. 316.

It is evident that all the sciences have a relation, greater or less, to human nature…To explain the principles of human nature, we in effect propose a complete system of the sciences, built on a foundation almost entirely new, and the only one upon which they can stand with any security…and the only solid foundation we can give to this science itself must be laid on experience and observation.” (Hume, Treatise p. 123). Impressions: sensations of the world Ideas: less vivid copies of sensations— we might call them memories or images

Principles of Association Resemblance—items are associated that share qualities: picture of a man to man himself Contiguity—items that are near one another in space: the Saint of a village Causation--items that are seen to effect change: ball hitting another ball (we infer causation)

Thomas Reid ( ) and Common Sense Philosophy Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow beginning in Succeeded Adam Smith Called Hume’s skepticism “metaphysical lunacy.” Wrote, An Inquiry into the Human Mind, on the Principles of Common Sense, 1764

Difficulties of Psychological Reflection, acc. to Reid 1) there are a great number of operations of the mind. 2) reflection is not habitual (and needs to be practiced). 3) it is difficult to attend to the process of imagination as it is not a thing. 4) sometimes the operation ceases as we watch it..

Faculty Psychology Thomas Reid Active Powers (Will): self-esteem, friendship, sexual affection, emulation, duty, veneration, beauty, imagination— 35 in all Intellectual/Cognitive Powers: five senses, perception, size and novelty, memory, judgment and reason, abstraction, conception and moral taste.

Rationalist Tradition/René Descartes 1660s mind/body problem Automata rational soul/pineal gland Enlightenment Models: Empiricism John Locke’s Tabula Rasa, 1690s David Hume and Skepticism, 1740s Reflection and Self-doubt, even illness and melancholy Fracturing of Self and Hume’s solution Common Sense/Faculty Psychology Thomas Reid, a common-sense philosopher, 1760s Active/Passive Powers of the Mind