Biochemistry: Carbohydrates & Lipids Unit 3

Macromolecules Very large molecules that make most of the structure of the body monomers polymer

Carbohydrates

I. Macromolecules B. Carbohydrates B. Carbohydrates 1. Monomer: ____________________ 1. Monomer: ____________________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 5. Examples: ________________ 5. Examples: ________________ monosaccharide (sugar) polysaccharide (starch) rings of carbon with oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH 2 O energy, plant structure sucrose, cellullose

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates include: Carbohydrates include: Simple sugars: small sugar molecules in soft drinks Simple sugars: small sugar molecules in soft drinks Complex Carbohydrates: Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes Complex Carbohydrates: Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes

6 Monosaccharides Glucose is found in sports drinks Glucose is found in sports drinks Fructose is found in fruits Honey contains both glucose & fructose Galactose is called “milk sugar” -OSE ending means SUGAR

Question??? What does the suffix –ose mean? What does the suffix –ose mean? Sugar Sugar Where are glucose molecules found? Where are glucose molecules found? In sodas, candies, any sweet snacks In sodas, candies, any sweet snacks Where would you find fructose? Where would you find fructose? Fruit Fruit 7

Examples of Carbohydrates

9 Disaccharides A disaccharide is a double sugar A disaccharide is a double sugar They’re made by joining two monosaccharides Involves removing a water molecule (condensation) Di = 2

10 Disaccharides Common disaccharides include: Common disaccharides include:  Sucrose (table sugar)  Lactose (Milk Sugar)  Maltose (Grain sugar )

11 Disaccharides

12 Polysaccharides Complex carbohydrates Complex carbohydrates Composed of many sugar monomers linked together Polymers of monosaccharide chains

13 Examples of Polysaccharides Starch Glycogen Cellulose Glucose Monomer

Question?? What does the prefix poly- mean again? Mono-? What does the prefix poly- mean again? Mono-? Many, one Many, one Polymers of monosaccharide chains means what? Polymers of monosaccharide chains means what? many sugar monomers linked together many sugar monomers linked together 14

Lipids

II. Macromolecules Lipids 1. Monomer: __________ 1. Monomer: __________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ fatty acid lipid or fat 3 long chains of carbon hydrogen on a glycerol molecule energy, structure, warmth fat, oil, cholesterol

17 Function of Lipids Fats store energy, helps to insulate the body, cushion and protect organs, and makes up the cell membrane (lipid bilayer) Fats store energy, helps to insulate the body, cushion and protect organs, and makes up the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)

Lipids Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar. Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolar.

19 Lipids & Cell Membranes Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids Cell membranes are made of lipids called phospholipids Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic) Phospholipids have a head that is polar & attract water (hydrophilic) Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic) Phospholipids also have 2 tails that are nonpolar and do not attract water (hydrophobic)

20 Lipids Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Lipids are hydrophobic –”water fearing” Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils Do NOT mix with water FAT MOLECULE

Cell Membrane

Fats in Organisms Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) these are called saturated fats Most animal fats have a high proportion of saturated fatty acids & exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) these are called saturated fats

Fats in Organisms Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils) these are called unsaturated fats Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as liquids at room temperature (oils) these are called unsaturated fats

Examples of Lipids

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Biochemistry: Proteins & Nucleic Acids Unit 3

III. Macromolecules D. Protein D. Protein 1. Monomer: _______________ 1. Monomer: _______________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 2. Polymer: _____________________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 4. Uses: ________________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ 5. Examples: ____________________ amino acid (20) protein or polypeptide central carbon atom with hydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R groups structure, emergency energy skin, insulin, enzymes

28 Four Types of Proteins Structural Contractile Storage Transport

Proteins Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make Proteins are building blocks of structures called amino acids. Proteins are what your DNA codes to make A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis. A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis. Dehydration synthesis = the building up of large molecules by removing water molecules Dehydration synthesis = the building up of large molecules by removing water molecules

Examples of Proteins

Enzymes A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions A. Special proteins that speed chemical reactions 1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started. 1. Chemical reactions require a certain _______________ to get started. 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster. 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making reactions occur faster. activation energy

Enzymes B. Lock-and-Key Model B. Lock-and-Key Model 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________). 1. Enzymes are not used up by the reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________). 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a different enzyme. 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to “unlock” another reaction, you need a different enzyme. enzyme specificity key lock

Enzymes C. Factors which affect enzymes C. Factors which affect enzymes 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range. 1. _____________--enzymes, like all proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range. 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: stomach 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster. 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster. Temperature pH Concentration

Enzymes

Biochemistry: Nucleic Acid & ATP Unit 3

III. Macromolecules E. Nucleic Acids E. Nucleic Acids 1. Monomer: _______________ 1. Monomer: _______________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 2. Polymer: ___________ 3. Structure:______________________ 3. Structure:______________________________________________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 4. Uses: ___________________ 5. Examples: _______________ 5. Examples: _______________ nucleotide (5) nucleic acid 5-carbon sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate group stores genetic code DNA and RNA

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Examples of Nucleic Acids

39 Nucleic Acids Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or T) Phosphate group Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) Phosphate Base Suga r Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides Nucleotide

40 Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer

41 Bases Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases: Thymine (T)Cytosine (C) Adenine (A)Guanine (G) – Adenine (A) – Guanine (G) – Thymine (T) – Cytosine (C)

42 Nucleotide Monomers Form long chains called DNA Form long chains called DNA Backbone Nucleotide Bases DNA strand Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side

43 DNA Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Two strands of DNA join together to form a double helix Base pair Double helix

RNA – Ribonucleic Acid Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group Ribose sugar has an extra –OH or hydroxyl group It has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T) Nitrogenous base (A,G,C, or U) Sugar (ribose) Phosphate group Uracil

IV. ATP A. ATP stands for _____________________ A. ATP stands for _____________________ B. Cells use ATP as a __________________ B. Cells use ATP as a __________________ C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphates D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________ D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond between _____________________________ E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released. E. When this bond is broken, tremendous energy is released. F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use. F. The pieces are then reassembled, storing more energy for another use. adenosine triphosphate the second and third phosphates 3 rechargeable battery

Question?? Explain the ATP/ADP process. Explain the ATP/ADP process. ATP has 3 phosphate groups. The energy is stored in the bond. When 1 phosphate group breaks off it releases energy and forming ADP. The addition of 1 phosphate to ADP forms ATP and the process continuous over and over. ATP has 3 phosphate groups. The energy is stored in the bond. When 1 phosphate group breaks off it releases energy and forming ADP. The addition of 1 phosphate to ADP forms ATP and the process continuous over and over.

Macromolecules

48 Macromolecules Copyright Cmassengale