V. Dion Dupont, M. Veillette, J. Lavoie, A. Culley and C. Duchaine

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Presentation transcript:

V. Dion Dupont, M. Veillette, J. Lavoie, A. Culley and C. Duchaine Professional exposure to viral aerosols in wastewater treatment centers: molecular detection and metagenomics Master Project Evelyne Brisebois V. Dion Dupont, M. Veillette, J. Lavoie, A. Culley and C. Duchaine 4th International Conference and Exhibition on Occupational Health and Safety August 24th, 2015

Presentation plan Introduction Hypotheses and objectives Wastewater treatment centers and sewage worker’s syndrome Metagenomics Hypotheses and objectives Selected viruses for molecular detection Methods Samplers Sample processing Results Conclusions

Wastewater treatment centers (WTCs) and sewage worker’s syndrome Usines d’épuration représentent environnement très contaminé en microorganismes Schéma général d’une usine, différentes stations ou étapes de traitement, création de différents aérosols Procédé d’enlèvement des m-o peuvent différer d’une usine à l’autre (biofiltration, boues activées) On s’intéresse à l’air intérieur car les travailleurs sont là https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment

Wastewater treatment centers (WTCs) and sewage worker’s syndrome Water: 107 viruses per 100 mL and a lot of bacteria Air: bioaerosols ! Sewage worker’s syndrome: 37% more respiratory and enteric infections (viruses) Almost no studies on viral aerosols in those environments Role of viral aerosols exposure in occupational health the first step in a better understnding of sewage worker’s syndrome is a better description of viral aerosol exposure, which is the main pbjective of this project

Metagenomics Sequencing of all genomes in a sample Who is there? In what proportions? Generates enormous amounts of data Bioinformatics tools for analysis Enrich viral fraction (small size) Métagénomique permet de séquencer l’ensemble des séquences d’ADN des organismes présents dans un environnement, pas seulement les virus. Ça génère des quantités énormes de données, on a besoin d’outils de bio-info pour analyser tout ça. Pour simplifier le traitement, il est possible de récupérer seulement la partie virale grâce à leur différence de taille (très petite taille). En gros permet de répondre aux questions quels gènes sont présents dans la communauté, quels m-o sont là et en quelles proportions.

Hypotheses Most viruses found in wastewater from the literature = viruses also found in the air of WTCs Workers in WTCs are exposed to high viral aerosols Many pathogenic viruses are aerosolized in WTCs On échantillonne l’air des usines dans le but d’étudier les bioaérosols viraux qu’on y retrouve à l’été et à l’hiver Mes hypothèses de travail sont…

Objectives To study bioaerosols of 11 viruses using specific molecular detection To evaluate the total viral genetic content found in air samples from WTCs through metagenomics To determine occupational exposure to pathogenic viruses and compare winter VS summer situations On échantillonne l’air des usines dans le but d’étudier les bioaérosols viraux qu’on y retrouve à l’été et à l’hiver Mes hypothèses de travail sont…

Viruses of interest Viruses Nucleic acids Disease Influenza A Simple strand RNA Flu Influenza B Norovirus G1 Gastroenteritis Norovirus G2 Détection de 11 virus par qPCR Choisis selon des critères différents, en gros le critères commun c’est qu’ils sont souvent ou potentiellement retrouvés dans les eaux usées

Viruses of interest Viruses Nucleic acids Disease Rotavirus Double strand RNA Gastroenteritis Enterovirus Simple strand RNA Gastroenteritis/cold Adenovirus Double strand DNA Cold Rhinovirus

Viruses of interest Viruses Nucleic acids Disease Hepatitis A Simple strand RNA Liver infection Herpes simplex 1 Double strand DNA Oral herpes Herpes simplex 2 Genital herpes

Methods (samplers) Many approaches Five devices with different flowrates High flowrate : Coriolis® µ and SASS® 2300 Low flowrate : IOM Cassettes Particle size separation : Marple and ELPI+™ L’échantillonnage lors des visites terrain en plusieurs étapes Pour la partie virale, on se sert de 5 appareils : haut/bas débit et séparation granulométrique

High flowrate samplers Coriolis® µ SASS® 2300 Les deux sont des impacteurs liquide, particules se retrouvent dans un liquide de collection De 200 à 3600 L/min Coriolis : échantillonnage plus court pour détection mol. SASS : échantillonnage plus long nous sert pour les échantillons de métagénomique Nouveau défi associé au volume d’air parce qu’on a jamais travaillé avec des échantillons aussi concentrés, beaucoup de débris, inhibiteurs, etc. Metagenomics 360 and 3 600 L/min (up to 250 m3 of air in one sample) Molecular detection 200 L/min for 10 min (2 m3)

Low flowrate sampler IOM Cassettes Molecular detection Personal sampling Different stations Carried by workers Échantillonneur bas débit : un qui est la cassette IOM. Sert à l’échantillonnage personnel. Travailleurs sélectionnés dans différentes étapes de traitement et portent une cassette ainsi qu’un mini-pompe pendant une semaine. Filtres récupérés chaque jour pour effectuer de la détection moléculaire.

Particle size separation samplers (molecular detection) Marple ELPI+™ ELPI+ : 14 étages possédant aussi un filtre. Particularité : fonctionne à basse pression (un peu comme sous vide), ce qui permet d’avoir un plus grande étendue de particules impactées, c’est-à-dire de 16 nm à 10 microns. On ne connait pas distribution granulométrique des particules virales car appareil n’a amais été sorti sur le terrain. Marple : 8 étages possédant un filtre récupérant des particules de différentes grosseurs, particules sont séparées grâce à leur diamètre aérodynamique qui dicte leur impaction. Récolte les particules de 0,4 à 21 microns. But : associer les virus avec une certaines grosseurs de particules 8 stages with filters Aerodynamic diameter 0.4 µm to 21 µm 14 stages with filters Low pressure (vacuum) 16 nm to 10 µm

www.bioaerosols.ulaval.ca

First time on the field ! www.bioaerosols.ulaval.ca

Methods (sample processing) Molecular detection: Securing the samples at -80°C DNA/RNA extraction and quantification by qPCR Metagenomics : Filtration on a 0.22 µm filter Isolation of the viral fraction (CsCl gradients) Extraction and quantification of total DNA/RNA Survol de la méthodologie Méta : jusqu’à ce qu’on ait la bonne concentration d’acides nucléiques pour continuer avec les analyses métagénomiques

Results Development of experimental protocols (metagenomics) 5 WTCs recruited 5 visits in WTCs (winter) CsCl gradients were first developped for aquatic samples, so I had to adjust the protocols for air samples (more diluted). On passe beaucoup de temps pour la méthode de métagénomique car c’est la première fois que c’est fait dans notre laboratoire et qu’on veut développer une méthode standardisée qui va pouvoir être utilisée avec n’importe quel échantillon d’air dans le futur Virus très faible concentration dans l’air, prend des méthodes différentes des bactéries et moisissures qu’on étudie normalement dans le labo

Results : Molecular detection Not much with the Coriolis Other samples to be analyzed HSV1 detected in samples from the ELPI+ First time HSV detected from any air samples Over 8 x 104 viruses/m3 of air On passe beaucoup de temps pour la méthode de métagénomique car c’est la première fois que c’est fait dans notre laboratoire et qu’on veut développer une méthode standardisée qui va pouvoir être utilisée avec n’importe quel échantillon d’air dans le futur Virus très faible concentration dans l’air, prend des méthodes différentes des bactéries et moisissures qu’on étudie normalement dans le labo

Results : Metagenomics Developed for water samples A lot more viruses in water than in the air Use of a high flowrate sampler Very low DNA concentration Use of a concentrator (10 times more air sampled) Still almost no DNA in samples… I won’t go into the details, but

Assumptions Viruses in the air are more likely to end up in clusters or larger particles than viruses in water Even if the samples are recovered in a saline buffer, the air particles may not dissolve Viruses are lost during filtration and centrifugation steps that are supposed to isolate them based on their small size

Results Determine at what step viruses are lost Filtration step CsCl gradients steps

Filtration Step : Surrogate phages (mimic human viruses) Recreate conditions from air samples in a liquid media (big particles) Test for loss of viruses compared to unfiltered sample Phages/Filters 0.22 µm 0.45 µm 0.8 µm 5 µm MS2 Very small Significant Phi6 PhiX174 PR772

Filtration Step : Conclusions: Filtration on 0,22 µm filter does not affect the results BUT viruses can still be on larger particles that are lost during centrifugation steps (particles smaller than 0,22 µm but still larger than viruses)

CsCl gradients step : New field samples were taken Treating samples without the CsCl centrifugations steps (only filtration) We will see soon!

What remains Visits of WTCs during summer Adjust (for the last time we hope) metagenomics protocols and sequence the samples Analysis of the new results I won’t go into the details, but

Conclusions Not many viruses found in WTCs air so far I’ve got herpes !! (in my samples) First HSV1 occupational exposure Developing a new metagenomics method for air sampling En travaillant avec virus, pas de gènes universels comme 16S chez bactéries et ITS chez moisissures, culture plus laborieuse parce que ça ne peut pas croître sur milieu de culture, etc.

Acknowledgements Pre Caroline Duchaine (supervisor) Pre Caroline Duchaine’s team Dr Alexander Culley (co-supervisor) Dre Vani Mohit (Postdoc student) Funding agencies IRSST (scholarship and study funding) J.D. Bégin Foundation www.bioaerosols.ulaval.ca

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