‘There, where Europe begins and ends.’ Poland as Antemurale lalala

Polish antemurales Antemurale Christianitatis Baptism of Poland The Battle of Vienna 1683 2. Antemurale Communism 3. Antemurale European Union 4. Antemurale constitutional changes in Europe 5. Antemurale eastern and western culture

Antemurale Christianitatis (Latin for the Bulwark of Christianity) was a country defending frontiers of Christian Europe from the Ottoman Empire.

Baptism of Poland The Baptism of Poland (Polish: Chrzest Polski) was the event in 966 that signified the beginning of the Christianization of Poland, commencing with the baptism of Mieszko I, who was the first ruler of the Polish state. The next significant step in Poland's adoption of Christianity was the establishment of various ecclesiastical organs in the country during the 10th and 11th centuries. This included the building of cathedrals and the appointment of clergy. This date should not be confused as the independence day of Poland.

The Battle of Vienna 1683 The Battle of Vienna took place on 11 and 12 September 1683 after Vienna had been besieged by the Ottoman Empire for two months. Was a battle of Habsburg and confederates versus the Ottoman Empire and fiefdoms of the Ottoman Empire near the Kahlen Berg mountain in Vienna. The battle marked the beginning of the political hegemony of the Habsburg dynasty in Central Europe.

Antemurale Communism The Battle of Warsaw (Russian: Варшáвское сражéние, Polish: Bitwa Warszawska; sometimes referred to as the Miracle at the Vistula, Polish: Cud nad Wisłą) was the decisive battle of the Polish–Soviet War, which began soon after the end of World War I in 1918 and lasted until the Treaty of Riga (1921). The battle was fought from August 12–25, 1920 as Red Army forces commanded by Mikhail Tukhachevsky approached the Polish capital of Warsaw and nearby Modlin Fortress. On August 16, Polish forces commanded by Józef Piłsudski counterattacked from the south, forcing the Russian forces into a disorganised withdrawal eastward and behind the Neman River. Estimated Soviet losses were 10,000 killed, 500 missing, 10,000 wounded, and 66,000 taken prisoner, compared with Polish losses of some 4,500 killed, 10,000 missing, and 22,000 wounded. Before the Polish victory at the Vistula, both the Bolsheviks and the majority of foreign experts considered Poland to be on the verge of defeat. The stunning, unexpected Polish victory crippled the Bolshevik forces. In Vladimir Lenin's words, the Bolsheviks "suffered an enormous defeat".[3] In the following months, several more Polish follow-up victories saved Poland's independence and led to a peace treaty with the Soviet Union later that year, securing Polish state's eastward frontiers.

Antemurale European Union Chief of State of the Republic of Poland

Antemurale constitutional changes in Europe LECH WALESA is destroying the wall of communism

Antemurale eastern and western culture Thirteen Polish monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List of UNESCO Kraków Old Town The Wieliczka Salt Mine

Auschwitz concentration camp Warsaw Old Town Zamość Old Town Białowieża Forest

Toruń Old Town The Castle in Malbork Kalwaria Zebrzydowska park

Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland The Churches of Peace The Muskau Park The Centennial Hall