6.1 How Theories relate offspring – parent resemblance Georg Mendel ~1860 Molecular Genetics 20 th century SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules

Mendel's Pea Breeding Experiments: - genes - alleles - two gametes carry just one of the alternate character states of these traits - dominant / recessive traits - law of independent assortment SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate

Later Discoveries: - chromosomes - meiosis - location of genes - nucleic acids - double-helix model... SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate

How do these Theories Relate? Displacement One program shows another is simply mistaken. Incorporation One program absorbs the other. The second is just a special case of the first one. Integration The second theory explains the first theory further. Reduction? SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate

Reduction: - increasing unification of nature's laws - „reductive“ method: decomposition - no spooky mechanisms, objects, processes... SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules How Theories Relate

6.2 What is Mendelian Genetics? The development / elaboration of Mendels Laws: (beginning 20 th Century): Meiosis dominant to some effects, recessive to others genes interact with environment pleiotrophy poly genetic traits one to one many to many No reduction of theories SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules

6.3 Molecular Genetics transcription & translation SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules One DNA sequence > different proteins (one > many) RNA parts are: -discarded -glued together -reading overlaps -bases are edited -stop codons are added Degenerate Code

6.4 Gene Regulation tissue differentiation: - mosaic theory - complete genome in most cells (gene regulation / cell line heredity) - extragenomatic factors - heredity SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules

6.5 Are Genes Protein Makers? one to one: one gene > one trait / protein many to many: one gene > many traits many genes > one trait - regulatory / promoter sequences - Molecular Genes - process between DNA and Protein open to many changes (exons, introns, reading frames, promoters, repressors, mRNA, tRNA...) - gain of function / loss of function SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules

Author says: Mendelian Genes = Mendelian Genes Too many corrections > displacement > reduction not successful phenomenological method Mendelian Genetics vs. Molecular Genetics integration? reduction? human intelligence? SEX AND DEATH 6 Mendel and Molecules Are Genes Protein Makers?