Quiz  40 questions, 2 points each (80 points)  Chapters 11, 13, 16  12/14 questions/chapter  4 short answer questions (20 points)  Get to class on time please!!!!!!

Psychological Disorders (Chapter 16) Third Lecture Outline : Addiction Schizophrenia Child Disorders

Drug Abuse and Addiction  Substance abuse: Maladaptive pattern that impairs life or causes distress  Addiction: Abuse & physiological tolerance (and withdrawal symptoms)  Addiction varies by culture  Policies of abstinence leads to increase instead of decrease in addiction  Addiction has physiological, conditioning, and cognitive appraisal components (e.g., placebo effect)

Someone with schizophrenia “Sometimes the voices are friendly; however, most often they are cruel and taunting. Hearing voices for the first time was very scary to me. I call my voices "superiors"; they are of demonic nature and continuously telling me "I'm evil and worthless". They often command me to hurt myself. I do as they say because they threaten to kill me or bury me alive; their terror controls my behavior.” “I also have visual hallucinations in which I see things that apparently no one else sees. I look at people's faces and they suddenly disintegrate or are so distorted that they appear in horrifying form, wicked,and I see the evilness of the devil locked within their eyes. I may look at you and project someone's else's picture on your face; everything becomes confusing and quite frustrating.”

Schizophrenia  Negative symptoms: Behavior deficits –blunting of emotions –language deficits –apathy and social avoidance  Active symptoms: Behaviors present –delusions: disordered thinking –hallucination: unusual sensory experience –disorganised incoherent speech –other bizarre behavior

Diagnositic criteria  Adaptive functioning impaired  Two or more of the following: –delusions –hallucinations –disorganized or incoherent speech –grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior –negative symptoms of anhedonia  Six months of symptoms  Rule out other disorders and drugs

Types of Schizophrenia  Paranoid: Delusions are grandiose or persecutory; not disorganized or catatonic, e.g., tin foil in attic  Disorganized: Speech, behavior, and/or affect is inappropriate, not catatonic –e.g., roams the streets mumbling  Catatonic: Motor disturbance such as catalepsy (waxy flexibility) or frozen  Videotape #98: Cases

Biological basis of schizophrenia  Genetics: Schizophrenia “runs in families” –General population rate: 1 to 2 % –twin studies: monozygotic twins (100% genes), 44% concordant –dizygotic twins (50% genes) are 15% concordant –consaguinity studies: other relatives 5-10% –adoption studies: twins adopted away still have higher concordance than base rate

Brain and neurotransmitter anomolies  Dopamine hypothesis supported by drug effects –Amphetamine psychosis from too much dopamine –Parkinsonian tremors from too little: chlorapromazine side effect

Vulnerability-Stress Model  Late teen, young adult, age of onset Biological Vulnerability Stressful Experiences Schizophrenia Symptoms

Examples of childhood disorders  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder –Innattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity  Conduct disorders –stealing, truancy, fighting, swearing, destructive behavior  Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Autism) –communication deficts, perserveration, echolalia, memory