States of Consciousness

Consciousness An organism’s awareness of itself and surroundings Not all-or-none; rather, more on a continuum

Attention Selective Attention

Dichotic Listening Technique

Attention Selective Attention Cocktail-Party Effect

Attention Selective Attention Cocktail-Party Effect Automaticity  Divided attention task

The Stroop Effect…try it yourself! The Stroop Effect…try

Sleep Brain processes external information Brain processes internal information Body remains active In general, can be easily awakened

Stages of Sleep Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stages of sleep

Sleep Deprivation REM deprivation Delta deprivation

Why do we sleep? Restorative/recuperative therapy Evolutionary/Circadian theory

Sleep Disturbances Parasomnias  Nightmares  Night Terrors  Sleepwalking  Sleeptalking Insomnia Sleep Apnea Narcolepsy

Nature and Function of Dreams Psychodynamic view  Freud  Wish fulfillment  Unconscious  Manifest content  Latent content

Nature and Function of Dreams Physiological/Biological View  Activation-synthesis hypothesis Cognitive View/Information Processing  Dreams of absent-minded transgression DAMIT

The Brain and Sleep REM  pons/acetylcholine Initiation/duration  serotonin Wakefulness/arousal  norepinephrine, dopamine

Altered States of Consciousness Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance Drug Dependency  Physiological dependence  Psychological dependence

Theories of Drug Use Learning Perspective Psychodynamic Perspective Social Perspective Cognitive Perspective

Hypnosis Hypnos, Greek God of Sleep Mesmer vivid, frequent fantasies visual imagery high in absorption dependent on others expect to be influenced dissociative experiences