How brain damage affects memory processing Refers to the learning outcome: Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process.

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How brain damage affects memory processing Refers to the learning outcome: Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process

What is amnesia? Memory loss (inability to learn new information or retrieve information) Two types I.Retrograde Memory loss of events BEFORE brain damage II. Anterograde Memory loss of events AFTER brain damage Info:

Famous case: Clive Wearing Suffers both anterograde and retrograde MRI scan shows damage to the hippocampus and some of the frontal regions Episodic memory and some semantic memory are lost  cannot put new information in long term memory Implicit memory and emotional memory still intact Memory span: few seconds

How Clive Wearing percieves it Not able to remember anything for more than a blink Kept a journal ”I am awake” ”This time finally awake” ”I was fully conscious at 10.35p.m” ”Forever today” Deborah 2005

How it happened? In March 1985 In his forties Brain Infection (Herpes encephalitis) Injured hippocampus Hippocampus - center for long term memory Perception was unimpaired but he could almost not remember anything The most devastating case of amnesia ever recorded

CLIP ON CLIVE WEARING! watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y

Case study: HM anterograde amnesia First studied by Milner & Scoville 1957 Head injury when he was 9 Epileptic seizures No drug treatment  surgey 27 years old Removed tissue from the temporal lobe, including hippocampus, the amygdala H.M.'s Brain and the History of Memory by Brian Newhouse: 70&m= &m=

HM after the surgery Cured his seizures, gave him amnesia (anterogade) Able to: Carry on a conversation Not able to: Recognize people and also rereads magazines. Can remember if rehearsed Answer ”ethics in research” on p. 79 and ”understanding research”

Summary You can use Clive and H.M as support (how biological factors may affect one cognitive process: brain damage on memory) H.M and Clive W can also be used as support for the multi- store model of memory (since they show that our memory consists of different memory systems) Both can be used as support in LO about ethical considerations Since you need two biological factors: you can use the study by Martinez and Kesner (1991) Ach in memory formation You can also (great isn’t it?) use H.M and Clive for the LO in the cognitive level of analysis: ”Examine one interaction between cognition and physiology in terms of behaviour”