The New Nation

George Washington  Elected created the first Cabinet o Department of State- Thomas Jefferson o Department of War- Henry Knox o Department of Treasury- Alexander Hamilton Judiciary Act of 1789  Supreme Court, District Court, Circuit Court

Hamilton vs. Jefferson  Hamilton  Federalist (Strong national Gov’t)  Jefferson  Anti- Federalist ( Strong state gov’t)  Hamilton proposes selling gov’t bonds to pay off Am. Rev. war debts  proposes creating Bank of the US (BUS)  S. angry b/c most had already paid off debts  Hamilton has a “loose construction” of Constitution to justify financial programs  Jefferson opposes Hamilton’s plans  “strict construction” of Const.  Congress passed Hamilton’s measures, but compromised  southerners would get to have the US capital b/t VA & MD

Thomas Jefferson Alexander Hamilton

The Whiskey Rebellion and a Two Party System  Whiskey was a cheap/easy way for back country farmers to make money  Hamilton imposes a tax, or tariff, for making or selling “extra” whiskey  Farmers refused to pay= rebellion  Washington personally escorts large army to put down insurrection  WR and Hamilton/Jefferson debate divide congress  Political Parties  Hamilton: Federalist Jefferson: Democrat-Republican

Foreign Policy  GB settlers still west of App Mtns.--> giving NA weapons to resist US expansion  Battle of Fallen Timbers- US takes complete control of Ohio  Treaty of Greenville  John Jay signs treaty with GB to give up forts on US soil  Jay Treaty  French Revolution- US must decide whether to support or not  Dem-Rep (Jefferson) supported Fr. Nationals; Federalists (Hamilton) opposed  Washington stays neutral  US also wants shipping rights on Mississippi  Spain owns  Thomas Pinckney signs treaty with Spain allowing US trade

Washington to Adams  Washington does not seek 3 rd term  Gives famous Farewell Address  Will not run for a 3 rd term o Steer clear of entangling alliances with other nations o Warns citizens not to create factions (political parties)  Sectionalism grows- taking sides based on region o Feds- John Adams (N)Dem-Rep- Thomas Jefferson (S)  Adams wins, but must avoid war with France and GB  French upset about Jay’s Treaty with GB and seizes US ships (impressment)  XYZ Affair- FR. Pres. refuses to talk to US about probs, instead sends 3 reps (XYZ) to US demanding money in order to see Fr. President  Congress passes Alien and Sedition Acts- can arrest and deport anyone who criticizes gov’t  Jefferson and Madison (D-R) felt acts violated 1 st Am.  Virginia and Kentucky passed resolutions to nullify Alien and Sedition Acts

Election of 1800  Jefferson (DR) vs. Adams (F)  Jefferson beat Adams, but tied with VP candidate Aaron Burr  H of Reps. had to decide tie, Hamilton convinced Congress to vote for Jefferson  Burr killed Hamilton in a duel

The Revolution of 1800  Thomas Jefferson becomes 3rd Pres. without conflict  Cut nat’l debt and streamlined gov’t  Appoints John Marshall as Chief Justice of SC  Federalist Marbury v. Madison  As John Adams left office, he appointed numerous Federalist “midnight judges” to various courts  William Marbury, one of the judges, was denied his job by James Madison, Sec. of State  Marbury sued, John Marshall declared judicial review  right of SC to declare a federal law unconstituitonal  Marbury lost, Marshall decision proves nat’l gov’t is powerful

Louisiana Purchase-1803  Jefferson eyes LA territory (owned by Spain) for US settlement  In a secret deal, Spain traded territory to France’s Napoleon Bonaparte  Jefferson bought the land for $15 million, Bonaparte needed the money for a war he was fighting with GB  Constitution did not authorize the purchase  Lewis and Clark Expedition  Sacajawea

The War of 1812  Desperate British navy begins impressing (kidnapping and forcing) US navy sailors to work on their ships  Jefferson issues an embargo (stopping trade) against GB  Embargo hurt US more than GB  James Madison becomes president in 1808

War of 1812 continued…  Problems in West  Tecumseh tries to resist US expansion  William Henry Harrison destroyed Tecumseh army at Battle of Tippecanoe  War Hawks (young congressman) pushed for war with GB  blamed GB for probs with NA  US invades Canada first, but failed  US navy did well on Great Lakes  GB invades US and burns White House  Francis Scott Key writes “Star Spangled Banner”

Battle of New Orleans Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans Treaty of Ghent  Peace treaty ends war with GB War proved US needs a strong army, but showed world US could stand up for itself Adams-Onis Treaty: US gains rights to Florida from Spain