Dr Lee Chapman University of Birmingham Climate Change & Transport Please note that due to copyright restrictions that apply to publishing this presentation on the Climate Change portal, some of the original images have been changed or removed.

Source: Fred Pearce, 'Climate Change: Menace or Myth?’, New Scientist magazine, issue 2486, 12 February 2005, page 38

Motor Cars Developed world is obsessed with the motor car Affordability has increased worldwide and therefore so have the number of cars In the UK, 89% of motorists agreed with the statement “I would find it very difficult to adjust my lifestyle to being without a car” (Source: RAC, 2003)

Motor Cars: What can we do? Change attitudes: Modal Shift –Use Public Transport –Walking & Cycling (a quarter of all car trips are under 2 miles long!) –Home working / Local shopping Change Policy –Congestion charging, road pricing, increase fuel taxes, car-sharing –Improved traffic management Use Technology –Diversification of fuel: LPG, Biofuel, Hydrogen, Electric –Choose cars with high fuel efficiency – not 4x4s! Images from

Aviation Five-fold increase in air travel over the last 30yrs and will treble again in the UK by 2030 (DfT, 2003; 2005) Why? –Cheap & Frequent Flights –Holiday Homes / Business Trips –Air Freight A holidaymaker flying to Florida and back creates as much CO2 as the average British motorist does in a year (Friends of the Earth) Short haul flights are very inefficient Image from

Aviation Overall effect on climate is 5X greater than that of CO2 alone – mainly because of emissions directly into the upper levels of the atmosphere: –CO2 (‘well mixed’) –Ozone –Methane –Water Vapour –Contrails Contrails image from

Aviation: What can we do? Change Attitudes: Modal Shift –Use Rail for short haul – 10 times less polluting –Shipping for freight Change Policy –Emissions charging / trading –Not included in the Kyoto Protocol –Optimise existing capacity –Fly at lower levels Use Technology –Improved aircraft design –Reduce fuel burn –Alternative fuels?

Other Modes Rail –Still polluting, but a cleaner alternative for freight and passengers. –Requires significant investment –Electric rail in place of Diesel? Shipping –Relatively environmentally friendly –Cleaner fuels are available –Slow mode of transport Buses –Often the only alternative to cars –Needs subsidies to be attractive –Priority routing / Park & Rides etc Image: Image:mazhewit at

‘Zero Carbon’ Modes Walking & Cycling –Needs to be a real alternative –a quarter of all car trips are under 2 miles long! –Cycles lanes, pedestrian zones improved storage facilities, walking buses, etc… Summary Behavioural Change –Modal Shift –Zero Carbon Journeys –Prompted by Government Sustainable environments –Urban Sprawl Image:malias at Image:ratherbebiking at