Formation of Haploid Cells Meiosis- for of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes when forming specialized reproductive cells such as gametes or spores. 2 divisions in the nucleus Meiosis I Meiosis II

Meiotic Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II

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Crossing Over The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis mexer2a.htm

Independent Assortment The random distribution of the pairs of genes on different chromosomes to the gametes. Humans have 23 chromosomes, so…. There is 2 23 (roughly 8 million) gene combinations that can be produced.

Spermatogenesis The process by which sperm are produced in male animals. Occurs in the testes Results in 4 sperm cells

Oogenesis Process by which gametes are produced in female animals. Occurs in the ovaries Results in one egg cell, or ovum, and 3 polar bodies that will die.

Use of cell reproduction in the real world Cloning Artificial insemination Humans livestock Karyotyping Stem Cell research Epigenetic gene marking