Philosophical Method  Logic: A Calculus For Good Reason  Clarification, Not Obfuscation  Distinctions and Disambiguation  Examples and Counterexamples  Revealing Our Deepest Convictions  Testing Our Principles and Definitions

Logic: Primary Philosophical Tool  Logic Gives Us Rules For Reasoning  Arguments And Their Parts  Premises  Sub and Main Conclusions  Note: Relation Between Premises and Conclusion Is What Matters  Calculus For Generating New Beliefs On Basis Of Old Ones

Types Of Argument: Two Main Forms Of Inference  Deductive Inference  Validity: If The Premises Are True, The Conclusion Must Be True  Distinguishing Validity From Truth  Arguments: Valid Or Invalid; Not True Or False  Premises: True Of False; Not Valid Or Invalid  Logicians Care More About Truth Preservation Than Truth  Soundness: Valid AND True Premises

Logical Schema  Symbolic Variables  Some Common Deductive Forms:  Categorical Syllogism  Modus Ponens  Modus Tollens

Non-Deductive Reasoning  Inductive Inference  Probability: If The Premises Are True, The Conclusion is Probably True  Inference To Next Case  Universal Generalization  Inference To Best Explanation  Appealing To Best Hypothesis  Fallacies