Chapter 6 The nervous system

Two main parts of the nervous system Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous system

How neurons communicate with each other Neurons send and receive messages to and from the brain Over 100 billion mostly located in the brain

Neurons Synapse Dendrite Axon Terminals Axon stem Neurons send messages across the synapse using neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters Are chemicals stored in the axon terminal sacs Ex: Dopamine- low=Parkinson's high= schizophrenia Serotonin-sleep & emotion

Drug Withdrawals Flooding the body with artificial drugs causes the brain to stop producing pain killer (temp) If the artificial drug is removed the person may experience sever pain until the brain starts producing endorphins again

Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Hot cold pain and pressure Autonomic Nervous System Regulates involuntary function

Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Stress Fight or flight Parasympat hetic Peace time

Psychologist are interested in the Autonomic nervous system Why What is it linked to that psychologist study?

Emotions Trigger a response from the Autonomic nervous system

Central Nervous system Brain Endocrine system Spinal Cord

Spinal Cord Reflex

The Brain Hind Brain-lower brain-heart rate and balance Mid Brain-vision and hearing Forebrain-emotion

Hindbrain Medulla-heart rate, breathing Pon in front of the medulla- movement, attention, sleep Cerebellum-little brain- balance and coordination

Pons Cerebellum Medulla The midbrain has 3 parts

Mid brain Located between the hind brain and the forebrain Vision and hearing

Midbrain

Forebrain Has 4 major areas Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebrum Corpus callosum

Forebrain

Thalamus-inner chamber relay station for sensation Hypothalamus-under-body temp, motivation hunger, thirst, child care, aggression

Hypothalamus problems can led to unusually eating

Forebrain-Cerebrum Largest part of the Bain 70% of the brains weight Latin for brain Language, perceptions, complex thinking

Forebrain-cerebrum Surface of cerebrum is the cerebral cortex-tree bark Cerebral cortex has 2 sides called right and left hemispheres-walnut shell

Forebrain-cerebrum Connecting the 2 hemispheres is the corpus callosum Right side controls left side of body and vise a versa

Forebrain-cerebrum-cerebral cortex Each hemisphere has 4 lobes Lobes function together for many events

Cerebellum - the part of the brain below the back of the cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination. Corpus Callosum - a large bundle of nerve fibers that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres. In the lateral section, it looks a bit like a "C" on its side. Frontal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the top, front regions of each of the cerebral hemispheres. They are used for reasoning, emotions, judgment, and voluntary movement. Medulla Oblongata - the lowest section of the brainstem (at the top end of the spinal cord); it controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc. Occipital Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the back of each cerebral hemisphere that contains the centers of vision and reading ability (located at the back of the head).

Parietal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the middle lobe of each cerebral hemisphere between the frontal and occipital lobes; it contains important sensory centers (located at the upper rear of the head). Pituitary Gland - a gland attached to the base of the brain (located between the Pons and the Corpus Callosum) that secretes hormones. Pons - the part of the brainstem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum. It is located just above the Medulla Oblongata. Spinal Cord - a thick bundle of nerve fibers that runs from the base of the brain to the hip area, running through the spine (vertebrae). Temporal Lobe of the Cerebrum - the region at the lower side of each cerebral hemisphere; contains centers of hearing and memory (located at the sides of the head).

Right brain left brain Right-creative Left-logical Can people function fully with only half a brain?

The Endocrine System Glands that secrete hormones into the blood Horman-Greek-stimulate Hormones stimulate growth, moods and activity levels Like neurotransmitter they are secreted from receptors in the body

Pituitary Gland Lies below the hypothalamus –pea sized- stimulated by the hypothalamus-effects growth, bone, muscle-ex of hormones oxytocin-labor

Thyroid Produces thyroxin-metabolism Hypothyroidism-too little=gain Hyperthyroidism-too much=loss

Adrenal Gland Above the kidneys Cortical Steroids-regulates stress/ sugar for energy Adrenaline&noradrenalind stimulated by the SNS mix Adrenaline intensifies emotion

How do we study the brain Case studies of injuries like pheinas Gage Electrical Stimulation –Jose Delgado- bull 1964 James Olds and Peter Milner – rats choose pleasure over food-hypothalamus

Electroencephalogram EEG Records electrical activity of the brain Diff. Wave pattern are assoc with different feelings Uses-some psy disorders and tumors

Scansc.a.t Computerized axial tomography Uses radiation feed back to piece together a 3-D pic

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Uses Magnetic and radio waves to gain a visual image of the brain Can take it in slices

Positron emission tomography Pet Scan Shows brain activity not images watches the brain work Radio active sugar Brain activity during math or music

Nature - nurture debate Nature-biological make up Nurture – environmental influences Which is the most powerful? Are serial killers born or Created? Are your parents responsible for your happiness or success in life?

Nature – nurture debate Why are most criminals from lower working class neighborhoods? What about genetic potential to figure skate or play hockey but you live in a place with no frozen water?How can you live up to all your potential

Nature – nurture debate Where is the balance How can we lean more about it

Nature – nurture debate Twin studies (identical) Separated at birth Share the same genitic make up but not the same environment Some studies conclude that twins raised together are less alike than twins raised apart