BELLWORK How did geography effect settlement of the Americas? What happened to French territory after the Fr-Ind War? How did Spanish treatment of indigenous populations differ from the British? Who had stronger control of their colonies, England or Spain? How was the control of their colonies different? (Think about how they set up their government) Compare/Contrast social divisions within Spanish and English colonies. What was the goal of mercantilism? THINKER: Historians continually debate the issue of Columbus’ “discovery.” Many scholars disagree with this term, and instead, use the more neutral term “encounter.” Which do you think is correct? Did Columbus discover or encounter America? Explain!

Spain and Portugal: European Rivals SPAIN: Christopher Columbus PORTUGAL: Amerigo Vespucci

Spain and Portugal: European Rivals Both European powers fought for control over western ocean routes. Christopher Columbus charted his voyage to the New World in 1492, representing Spain. Amerigo Vespucci was on a Portuguese voyage in 1501 – his writings were distributed faster than Columbus, therefore having the world named after him.

June 7, 1494: Treaty of Tordesillas Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. The treaty was ratified by both countries. The other side of the world would be divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza

Portuguese map of division: 1502

Portuguese Colonization Why was Portugal the early leader of exploration? If they were so powerful, why did they have less colonies in comparison to England and Spain? Joao Fernandes Lavrador visited the North Atlantic coast to establish fishing grounds Claimed Newfoundland and Labrador for Portugal unsuccessful in maintaining control so they abandoned their land to focus on South America Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal

Portuguese Exploration Red – actual possessions Orange – areas of influence; trade Olive/Blue – areas of exploration Green – trading posts Pink – places of rule w/ self-government

Portuguese map of Brazil: 1519

Portuguese Control Once established, the Portuguese government divided their territory into Captaincy colonies These individual colonies were autonomous, and each was owned and run by a Captain-major Unlike the Spanish colonies, Portuguese rule was relatively relaxed Instead of focusing on control, Portugal aimed to provide a steady income for the Empire

Portuguese Empire

“The houses of these Indians are the most beautiful I have ever seen and I swear that the closer I get to the mainland, the better they become. They’re like grand pavilions, like royal tents in an encampment without streets. One here, another there. They are well swept and quite clean inside, and the furnishings are arranged in good order. All are built of very beautiful palm prances. This land is so beautiful, I could go on praising it forever.” - Christopher Columbus - October 12, 1492 - Upon first arrival in the New World (Bahamas)

Review British vs. Spanish colonization

French Control of the Americas In 1524, under the rule of King Francis I, Italian-born Giovanni da Verrazano explored the region between Florida and Newfoundland Route to the Pacific Ocean Wealth from resources (fur, lumber, fish) In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier on three voyages to explore the Eastern coast of Canada Established colonies in Eastern Canada, central U.S. and the Caribbean

Originally, King Francis maintained strict control of the colonies (taxes & trade) Slave ownership by the French was high, especially in the Caribbean. divided by race Since the majority of slaves worked on sugar plantations in the Caribbean, a lot of uprisings started here French colonies, like Haiti, gained independence through slave revolts By 1763, France had lost most of their territory to England in a series of six colonial wars (French-Indian War & Seven Years War) French colonial population declined due to weather& disease French Control

Discussion: Geography of the Americas From the “Geography of the Americas” section…. What geographic obstacles did Europeans face in their colonization of Latin America? How did the physical obstacles effect the government of Latin America? Compare and contrast the geographical advantages/disadvantages between Spanish South America and British North America. Why were bodies of water important to early settlements? Which regions of the Americas were colonized by the British? Which regions of the Americas were colonized by the Spanish?