Pre-Columbian Societies and Transatlantic Encounters Brinkley, Alan. American History: A Survey. 13. NewYork:McGraw-Hill, 2009.

“Archaic” Period 8,000-3,000 B.C. Hunters and Gatherers Bering Straight Asia to South America by sea

Agricultural Revolution Mesoamerica Central America down to South America Inca Maya Mexica (Aztecs)

Inca Empire Largest empire in the Americas Pachacuti (World Shaker) Incorporated land stretching over 2,000 miles into his empire

Mayan Empire Central America Yucatan Peninsula Written Language Numerical System Accurate Calendar Advanced Agricultural System

Mexica (Aztecs) Tenochtitlan Modern Day Mexico City Greatest city ever created in the Americas Population of 100,000 people Impressive buildings, schools, military, and slave system

North American Tribes Diverse Agricultural Revolution Tasks divided by gender Women Cared for children, prepared meals, gathered certain foods. Women controlled social and economic organization and played powerful roles in families (matrilineal)

Christopher Columbus From Genoa, Italy Sought to reach Asia by western route Portugal refused, Queen Isabella supports The Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria with 90 men land in the Bahamas. Colonize Hispaniola

Conquistadors Spanish conquerors Wanted to get rich!!! Gold rush of the 16th century (but more violent)

Francisco Pizarro Conquered Peru (Incas) Opened the way for advances in South America.

Hernando Cortes -Conquered Aztecs -Most brutal of the Spanish Conquistadors men attacked Montezuma and his empire.

Spanish America Wealth and Power Diseases and Spanish military 1: Age of discovery and exploration 2: Age of Conquistadors 3: Age of Law Catholic Requirement St. Augustine, Florida Encomiendas Don Juan de Onate Assimilation with natives

Spanish vs. English Colonies SpanishEnglish Interested in getting rich Profitable agriculture Disease and military Catholic Church Missions Mostly natives Assimilation with natives (mestivos) Didn’t feed population Natives were labor force Permanent settlements Family life Self contained European society European distinction Indentured servitude

Biological and Cultural Changes Gold and silver Influenza, measles, chicken pox, mumps, typhus, SMALLPOX Extinction of Caribbean and some Mexican civilizations Spanish brutality Food Animals Agricultural techniques Language Religion Women Politics, commerce, landowning

Forces Binding Together the Atlantic World pg.24 Globalization Commerce Religion Enlightenment Science and technology Art Education Politics

Growth of the African Slave Trade Guinea Primitive and uncivilized (justification) Trade

Incentives for the English The Commercial IncentiveThe Religious Incentive 1947 John Cabot Expedition for northwest passage to Asia Newness Contrast to their mother land Perfect Society Foreign trade Charter Mercantilism English Reformation: Germany 1517 Martin Luther John Calvin King Henry VIII Church of England Puritan Separatists: Separatists Women preachers Quakers

The English Reformation

The English In Ireland English claimed Ireland Catholic population Savages Must be suppressed, isolated, and destroyed. Sir Humphrey Gilbert Transplantations Pure English culture

The French and Dutch In America Competition The French Quebec 1608 Inland trade Religion? Fur trade The Dutch Henry Hudson Trading posts Diverse population Weak leadership and loosely united

First English Settlements Jamestown, Virginia 1607Roanoke, Raleigh NC 1585