EHS Today’s Safety Leadership Conference October 27, 2015 Prevention through design: Accounting for Employee Safety in the Construction Process EHS Today’s Safety Leadership Conference October 27, 2015 T. Michael Toole, PhD, PE, F. ASCE Assoc. Dean of Engineering and Professor, Civil and Env. Engineering Bucknell University Based on past presentations with John Gambatese, PhD, PE Professor, Civil and Construction Engineering, Oregon State University

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Overview PtD Concept Motivation Examples Leaders Tools and Processes Prevention through Design = Design for Safety = Safety by Design PtD Concept Motivation Examples Leaders Tools and Processes ANSI A10.2 Workgroup Moving forward in your organization Processes Tools and equipment Products Add global implementation of PtD Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities

Prevention through Design (PtD) “Addressing occupational safety and health needs in the design process to prevent or minimize the work- related hazards and risks associated with the construction, manufacture, use, maintenance, and disposal of facilities, materials, and equipment.” (http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/)

PtD in Construction is… Explicitly considering construction safety in the design of a project. Being conscious of and valuing the safety of construction workers when performing design tasks. Making design decisions based in part on a design element's inherent safety risk to construction workers. “Safety Constructability”

Why PtD? Annual Construction Accidents in U.S. Nearly 200,000 serious injuries Nearly 900 fatalities

Why PTD? Design-safety links 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000- 2002 in Oregon, WA, and CA1 42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990- 20031 60% of fatal accidents resulted in part from decisions made before site work began2 63% of all fatalities and injuries could be attributed to design decisions or lack of planning3 1 Behm, M., “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept” (2005) 2 European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions 3 NSW WorkCover, CHAIR Safety in Design Tool, 2001

Accounting for safety Organizational success today is not judged solely by net income Success today reflects the Triple Bottom Line

Corporate Social Responsibilities World Business Council for Sustainable Development: “Commitment by business to behave ethically and contribute to economic development; “Improve quality of life of the local community and society at large.” “Improve quality of life of the workforce and their families;

Design has major leverage The Right thing to do and… The Smart thing to do

Why Ptd? Bang for the buck Ability to influence safety is greatest early in the project schedule during planning and design (Szymberski, 1997)

Administrative Controls Hierarchy of Controls PtD Elimination Eliminate the hazard during design Higher Substitution Substitute a less-hazardous material or form during design Engineering Controls “Design-in” engineering controls, Incorporate warning systems Reliability of Control Administrative Controls Well-designed work methods & organization PPE Available, effective, easy to use Lower

Why ptd? Tangible Bottom Line benefits Reduced site hazards Fewer worker injuries and fatalities Reduced workers comp. insurance premiums Increased productivity and quality Fewer delays due to accidents Improved operations/maintenance safety Encourages designer-constructor collaboration

Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities Overview PtD Concept Motivation Examples Leaders Tools and Processes ANSI A10.2 Workgroup Moving forward in your organization Processes Tools and equipment Products Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities

Example of the Need for PTD Design spec: Dig groundwater monitoring wells at various locations. Wells located directly under overhead power lines. Accident: Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines. Engineer could have: specified wells be dug away from power lines; and/or better informed the contractor of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.

PTD Example: Anchorage Points Need to replace one photo of anchorage point with cad drawing showing anchorage point locations. Need to add photo of permanent anchorage point on roof. Identifying and/or designing needed anchorage points for fall protection systems such as body harnesses and lanyards is an example of how designers can use their understanding of structural engineering principles to make it easier for workers to use fall protections systems efficiently, both during construction and future maintenance. Specifically, designers can: Design floor perimeter beams and beams above floor openings to support lanyards Design lanyard connection points along the beams Note on the contract drawings which beams are designed to support lanyards, how many lanyards, and at what locations along the beams. The idea of identifying anchorage points on construction drawings is in accordance with Appendix C to Subpart M (Fall Protection) from the federal OSHA standards for Construction: (h) Tie-off considerations (1) “One of the most important aspects of personal fall protection systems is fully planning the system before it is put into use. Probably the most overlooked component is planning for suitable anchorage points. Such planning should ideally be done before the structure or building is constructed so that anchorage points can be incorporated during construction for use later for window cleaning or other building maintenance. If properly planned, these anchorage points may be used during construction, as well as afterwards.”

PTD Example: Roofs and Perimeters Parapet walls Skylights Upper story windows

PTD Example: Prefabrication Concrete Wall Panels Concrete Segmented Bridge Steel Stairs

PTD Example: Structural Steel Design Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety Published by the National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America

The Erector Friendly Column Include holes in columns at 21” and 42” for guardrail cables and at higher locations for fall protection tie-offs Locate column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floor Photo: AISC educator ppt

Provide enough space for making connections

Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities Overview PtD Concept Motivation Examples Leaders Tools and Processes ANSI A10.2 Workgroup Moving forward in your organization Processes Tools and equipment Products Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities

PtD in Practice ExxonMobil Intel BHP Billiton Southern Co. MWCS Intel BHP Billiton Southern Co. Bechtel (steel) URS Southern Co: Developed project/equipment-specific and engineering discipline-specific checklists for maintenance that have grown to include construction safety. Safety and construction personnel required to be involved in several design stages. Engineers being trained in safety. Intel: Has lifecycle safety checklist for all projects. Willing to make major footprint changes, as we saw by adding new floor. Ellen Stewart at USACE: Intentions but progress limited by focus on completing revised EM 385. PtD and safety promotion to engineering and construction groups and 3 hours of training. She hopes to add anchorage points design to EM 385, processes. ExxonMobil: Initiated Engineering for Safety Process as part of their Marine Well Containment System (MWCS) project. Sutter Health: Set up Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) on one of its hospital projects in San Francisco. Co-located owner, designer, CM/GC, and trade contractor firms. IPD process allowed for PtD to occur.

BHP BILLITON’S PtD INITIATIVES PtD staff embedded in procurement and design Communication and training PtD in technical specifications Design reviews includes 3D models

PtD Embedded in processes PtD is embedded in all steps of the supply process. Requisition documents issued to vendors include PtD standard specification as attachment describing obligations & expectations. PtD is involved in the design activities, construction and the handover to operations.

PtD tools 1) PtD online training 2) PtD flashcards The PtD Program was executed in a staged approach, starting with the roll-out of training modules for the engineering design teams participating in the project. A third-party training firm was contracted to develop three modules that would explain the fundamental concepts of PtD and engage trainees with interactive examples. Over 700 design engineers, and vendors have been trained to date Developed the PtD Flashcard to act as a memory aid: While the initial training course proved effective in teaching designers the fundamentals of PtD, the principle concepts were often forgotten over time. A flashcard was devised and distributed as a quick reference guide for the Hierarchy of Controls and common risk mitigation techniques

PtD tools, Continued 3) PtD posters Increased PtD program exposure: numerous posters and slide presentations were developed and distributed to promote active involvement with the PtD program.

ELIMINATE Hazards Some examples of implemented PtD ideas on the Project

Southern Co.’s Design checklists

URS Corp. PtD Process

National Initiatives and Activities NIOSH PtD National Initiative PtD Workshops: July 2007 and August 2011 NORA Construction Sector Council CHPtD Workgroup OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable ANSI/ASSE PtD Standard (Z590.3-2011) ANSI/ASSE TR-A10.2-2014 Technical Report – PtD for Construction

Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities Overview PtD Concept Motivation Examples Leaders Tools and Processes ANSI A10.2 Workgroup Moving forward in your organization Processes Tools and equipment Products Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities

Ptd Design Review Hazard identification Risk assessment What construction safety hazards are associated with the design? Risk assessment What is the level of safety and health risk associated with each hazard? Design option identification and selection What can be done to eliminate or reduce the risk? Remember the hierarchy of controls……

Get the right people talking about the right things at the right time. Ptd Process Get the right people talking about the right things at the right time. www.seagrave.com/

Ptd Process

Design for Construction Safety Toolbox Created by Construction Industry Institute (CII) Interactive computer program Used in the design phase to decrease the risk of incidents Over 400 design suggestions

PtD Tools – BIM and Visualization

Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities Overview PtD Concept Motivation Examples Leaders Tools and Processes ANSI A10.2 Workgroup Moving forward in your organization Processes Tools and equipment Products Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities

ANSI/ASSE A10 PTD Workgroup ANSI/ASSE TR-A10.2-2014 - ANSI Technical Report - Prevention through Design for Construction Will provide guidance on implementing PTD concepts within the design and construction industry. Site hazards and risks identified, eliminated or reduced, before, during and after a building or structure is constructed, renovated, and/or demolished. Expected completion mid-2016. Leaders include Mike McCullion (SMACNA), Dan Lavoie (Liberty Mutual), and Thom Mills (Virginia Tech).

ANSI A10 PtD White Paper Outline 1. Forward 2. Scope & Purpose 3. References and Definitions 4. Overview of the PtD Concept 5. Implementing PtD within various Delivery Methods 6. Tools to Support PtD Implementation 7. PtD Communication between Parties 8. Scheduling and Timing of PtD 9. PtD Performance Management 10. Maintenance Operations 11. Educational Needs Appendix 1. Case studies that demonstrate the business case for PtD Appendix 2. Best PtD Practices

Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities Overview PtD Concept Motivation Examples Leaders Tools and Processes ANSI A10.2 Workgroup Moving forward in your organization Processes Tools and equipment Products Work methods and organization of work Work premises and facilities

Three Steps towards ptd Establish a lifecycle safety culture Establish enabling processes Team with organizations who value lifecycle safety Culture Processes Partners

Establish a Lifecycle Safety Culture Instill the right safety values Secure management commitment Training Confirm Life Cycle Costing criteria Ensure recognition that designing for safety is the smart thing to do and the right thing to do Professional Codes of Ethics Payoff data

Establish Enabling Processes Designer training and tools Qualifications-based contracting IPD or enabled safety constructability input Negotiated or Cost-Plus contracting Collaborative decision processes

Choose your partners wisely PtD capability in designer RFP Designer interaction experience in GC RFP Consider Design-Builders with industrial and international project experience Collaborative culture and experiences Open to change

Summary PtD is tied with the Triple Bottom Line Successful organizations have implemented PtD PtD Implementation facilitated by: Culture Processes Partners Tools Forthcoming ANSI 10.2 PtD technical report

THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME! Mike Toole ttoole@bucknell.edu www.designforconstructionsafety.org Chris Williams cwilliams@abc.org Daniel Lavoie daniel.lavoie@libertymutual.com