Cytology Introduction to Cells. Magnification Resolution ~ 0.2  m in LM ~ 0.2 nm in EM Magnifying Power ~ 2,000x in LM ~ 2,000,000x in EM.

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Presentation transcript:

Cytology Introduction to Cells

Magnification Resolution ~ 0.2  m in LM ~ 0.2 nm in EM Magnifying Power ~ 2,000x in LM ~ 2,000,000x in EM

Electron Microscopes Transmission EM Internal features Scanning EM Surface features EM Drawbacks Expense B&W Images Dead specimens

Fractionation

Why are cells so small?Volume The need to acquire nutrients and dispose of waste is the same with one large or many small cells. Surface Area The ability to acquire nutrients and dispose of waste is six times greater w/ small cells.

Plasma membrane

DNA Function Nuclear envelope (+ pores) Nucleolus Chromosomes and chromatin Transcription DNA  mRNA

Protein Synthesis Translation mRNA  polypeptide

ER Function Lipid synthesis Protein modification Drug detox

Golgi Apparatus Protein modification Packaging for export

Lysosomes Intracellular digestion Autophagy Intracellular digestion Autophagy

Mitochondria Cellular Respiration (Food  ATP) DNA + Ribosomes + division + membranes

Chloroplasts Photosynthesis (Light  Food) DNA + Ribosomes + division + membranes

Vacuoles Membrane sacs Food vacuole Contractile vacuole Pumps excess water out of cells

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