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CHAPTER 9: ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Endocrine organs = ductless glands that produce hormones Hormone = chemical produced in one place but used in another. Assignments: OL Endocrine System PT Endocrine (coloring)

Hypothalamus = regulates the pituitary Pineal = circadian rhythms Pituitary = reproduction, kidneys, growth (GH), metabolism Parathyroids = blood Ca+ regulation Thyroid = metabolism, blood Ca+ Thymus = Immunity

Adrenal = blood glucose, metabolism, blood vessel constriction liver Adrenal = blood glucose, metabolism, blood vessel constriction kidney Pancreas = insulin, blood glucose Ovary (female) = estrogen, reproduction Testis (male) = androgens (including testosterone), reproduction

Hormones Hormones = chemicals that a secretory cell secretes to affect the functions of another cell called a target cell. Paracrine signaling: hormones travel only short distances and affect nearby cells. Hormones Secretory cell Target cell Receptor

A hormone's target cells have receptors that other cells lack. Autocrine signaling: Blood transports hormones to all parts of the body, where they may produce general effects. A particular hormone's physiological action is restricted to the hormone's target cells - those cells with specific receptors for the hormone molecules. A hormone's target cells have receptors that other cells lack. Target Cell Receptors DNA Hormone Hormones enter blood Hormones

Positive and Negative Feedback Woman goes into labor Contractions increase more hormones Contractions increase hormones

Hormonal Control of Body Functions The hypothalamus integrates information from the rest of the body and regulates most of the body's endocrine systems by signaling the pituitary gland to secrete the appropriate hormone. The pituitary gland secretes nine major hormones of the body.

Pituitary Gland The pituitary gland is divided into anterior and posterior sections. Each section secretes its own hormones depending on the stimulation from the hypothalamus.

There are about 50 different hormones in the human body. These fall into three primary categories: Eicosanoids = control the flow of information Peptide hormones = secreted into the circulatory system following specific stimuli Steroids = secreted by three “steroid glands”— 1. adrenal cortex 2. testes 3. ovaries (and during pregnancy by the placenta)

Fight or Flight…either way adrenal glands prepare. Adrenal Hormones Quiz Tomorrow! 3-4. Name the two hormones that are secreted by the these glands. 5-10. List 5 of the 7 responses to the release of these hormones. 1. Name the part of the brain that responds to stress 2. Name the endocrine organ that responds.

Fight or Flight: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g25d7_Afmc Pituitary Hormones ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) : signals the adrenal glands (situated atop the kidneys) to produce the steroid cortisol which increases blood sugar in response to stress Fight or Flight: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4g25d7_Afmc

Pituitary Hormones ADH (antidiuretic hormone): stimulates the kidneys to concentrate the urine by sending water back into the bloodstream http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter17/animation__hormonal_communication.html

Pituitary Hormones FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (leuteinizing hormone): regulates hormone production by the testes (testosterone) and ovaries (estrogen, progesterone) http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter20/animation__positive_and_negative_feedback__quiz_1_.html

Pituitary Hormones TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone): signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone which is essential for the regulation of body metabolism

Pituitary Hormones GH (Growth hormone): signals special liver cells to produce somatomedin-C, which is critical for body growth during childhood

Pituitary Hormones Prolactin: stimulates breast milk production and controls menstrual periods

Parathyroid glands thyroid The parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is important in the regulation of calcium levels in body fluids.

Pancreas exocrine gland that secretes digestive juice endocrine gland that releases hormones. The exocrine function of the pancreas is localized in the acinar cells that synthesize and secrete digestive juices. The endocrine function of the pancreas is localized in the islet cells (Islets of Langerhans), which synthesize and secrete hormones.

Blood Sugar Regulation TAKE NOTES http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp50/5002s.swf

Water-soluble hormones: Types of Hormones: Water-soluble hormones: Must enter the cell using a receptor protein located on the cell membrane. Fat-soluble hormones (Steroids): Can pass directly through the cell wall. Requires transport proteins to travel in bloodstream. (Water-soluble hormone) (Fat-soluble hormone)

Goiter Disease of the thyroid. Kinds of Goiters: 1. Simple goiter can occur for no known reason or as a result of over compensation for low hormone production. 2. Toxic nodular goiter produces too much thyroid hormone Prevented by iodine in iodized salt.

Diabetes: Pancreas do not produce enough insulin to regulate blood sugar. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/diabetesintroduction/htm/_yes_50_no_0.htm

Pituitary Dwarfism Decreased output of HGH (human growth hormone).

Gigantism Increased output of HGH (human growth hormone).

Cretintism decreased thyroid hormone production

Myxedema thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone

Hyperthyroidism increased production of thyroid hormone

Grave’s Disease autoimmune disorder that leads to overactivity of the thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism decreased production of thyroid hormone

Exopthalmus decreased production of thyroid hormone

Tetany (Hypocalcemic) diminished function of the parathyroid glands

Addison’s Disease adrenal glands do not produce enough of their hormones

Cushing’s Disease pituitary gland releases too much adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).

ANY QUESTIONS?