The 19 th century in France. An overview.
The era… The 19 th century in France was an unstable time during which there were seven different political regimes and on top of this, three revolutions!
What types of government were there? The revolutionary ideas of liberty developed into a series of little revolutions and alternating authoritarian and liberal governments Consequently, it was a time where there were great divisions and contrasts in daily life;
Contrasts 1. The comfortable middle class and industrialism Wealth versus poverty The life of the comfortable middle class.
Contrasts 2. Conservatives versus Scientists; Monarchists versus Republicans; Emperor Napoléon III
Contrasts 3: Romanticism versus Naturalism Religion verus Atheism Conservatism versus Socialism. Emile Zola – a realist Victor Hugo - a romantic
Outstanding progress This era was characterised by: Outstanding scientific and technical progress Important medical discoveries Industrialisation Rapid mecanisation of manufacturing industries Extension of the rail network
Problems: The Industrial Révolution created its own problems: Workers’ and women’s rights The hours of work Child labour The question of working for a fair wage
However, there was economic stability and a general optimism. Capitalism was triumphant. Les passages – the Arcades - provided a sheltered and pleasant atmosphere to stroll and shop.
Political life It was an era of great political movements. liberalism communism socialism anarchism nationalism nationalism Jean Jaurès, was a socialist who was assassinated on the eve of World War One.
La Belle Epoque. The last 20 years of the 19 th century and the period immediately preceding World War I are today called: "la Belle Époque". During this time, pleasure reigned, and a 'joie de vivre' characterised the daily lives of some, while others had to face day to day difficulties.