Data Comm. & Networks Instructor: Ibrahim Tariq Lecture 3

8.2 Figure 8.1 Switched network

3 Communication Network Communication networks Broadcast networks End nodes share a common channel (TV, radio…) Switched networks End nodes send to one (or more) end nodes Packet switching Data sent in discrete portions (the Internet) Circuit switching Dedicated circuit per call (telephone, ISDN) (physical)

8.4 CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKS CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NETWORKS A circuit-switched network consists of a set of switches connected by physical links. A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of one or more links. However, each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link. Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or TDM. Three Phases Circuit-Switched Technology in Telephone Networks Topics discussed in this section:

8.5 A circuit-switched network is made of a set of switches connected by physical links, in which each link is divided into n channels. Note

6 Circuit switching A dedicated communication path (sequence of links- circuit) is established between the two end nodes through the nodes of the network Bandwidth: A circuit occupies a fixed capacity of each link for the entire lifetime of the connection. Capacity unused by the circuit cannot be used by other circuits. Latency: Data is not delayed at switches

7 Circuit switching (cnt’d) Three phases involved in the communication process: 1.Establish the circuit 2.Transmit data 3.Terminate the circuit If circuit not available: busy signal (congestion)

8.8 Figure 8.3 A trivial circuit-switched network

8.9 In circuit switching, the resources need to be reserved during the setup phase; the resources remain dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer until the teardown phase. Note

8.10 Figure 8.6 Delay in a circuit-switched network

8.11 Switching at the physical layer in the traditional telephone network uses the circuit-switching approach. Note

12 Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM FDM frequency time TDM frequency time 4 users Example:

6.13 Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals. Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; Note

MULTIPLEXING Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so does traffic. Frequency-Division Multiplexing Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing Topics discussed in this section:

6.15 Figure 6.1 Dividing a link into channels

6.16 Figure 6.2 Categories of multiplexing

6.17 Figure 6.3 Frequency-division multiplexing

6.18 FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals. Note

6.19 Figure 6.4 FDM process

6.20 Figure 6.5 FDM demultiplexing example

6.21 Assume that a voice channel occupies a bandwidth of 4 kHz. We need to combine three voice channels into a link with a bandwidth of 12 kHz, from 20 to 32 kHz. Show the configuration, using the frequency domain. Assume there are no guard bands. Solution We shift (modulate) each of the three voice channels to a different bandwidth, as shown in Figure 6.6. We use the 20- to 24-kHz bandwidth for the first channel, the 24- to 28- kHz bandwidth for the second channel, and the 28- to 32- kHz bandwidth for the third one. Then we combine them as shown in Figure 6.6. Example 6.1

6.22 Figure 6.6 Example 6.1

6.23 Figure 6.9 Analog hierarchy

6.24 Wavelength-division multiplexing

6.25 WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals. Note

6.26 Prisms in wavelength-division multiplexing and demultiplexing

6.27 TDM

6.28 TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate channels into one high-rate one. Note

6.29 Figure 6.13 Synchronous time-division multiplexing

6.30 In synchronous TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster, and the unit duration is n times shorter. Note

6.31 Figure 6.16 Example 6.8

6.32 Figure 6.18 Empty slots

6.33 Figure 6.26 TDM slot comparison

SPREAD SPECTRUM In spread spectrum (SS), we combine signals from different sources to fit into a larger bandwidth, but our goals are to prevent eavesdropping and jamming. To achieve these goals, spread spectrum techniques add redundancy. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Synchronous (DSSS) Topics discussed in this section:

6.35 Figure 6.27 Spread spectrum