Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist How We Find Out About the Past 2 The Work of the Archaeologist WHAT YOU WILL LEARN At the end of this chapter you should understand... What is archaeology? How archaeologists find sites for excavation. How archaeologists excavate sites. How archaeologists investigate what they have found. The role of conservation in archaeology.

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist What is Archaeology? Archaeology is … the story of the past from material remains Archaeology is … the story of the past from material remains Artefacts are … objects made by people, such as axes, spears, pots, coins and rings Artefacts are … objects made by people, such as axes, spears, pots, coins and rings Prehistory is … the history of people before writing was invented Prehistory is … the history of people before writing was invented

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Finding Sites for Excavation Above ground ________________ -Castles -Forts -Canals -Older buildings in towns and cities Any other sites above ground?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Finding Sites for Excavation Below ground ________________ -Chance discoveries -Stories from History Example: The Siege of Troy

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Finding Sites for Excavation Aerial photography Underwater evidence Crops over a wall Crops over a ditch Crop marks Below ground ________________ -Geophysical survey -Aerial photography -Underwater evidence Examples: Titanic, Lusitania, Spanish Armada Geophysical survey

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist What is Rescue or Salvage Archaeology? Why is this an example of rescue archaeology?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Excavations

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist What are each of these tools used for in an archaeological dig?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Testing the Evidence – Dating Radio-carbon dating Tree-ring dating Coins and pottery Stratigraphy Dating

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Stratigraphy How does stratigraphy help date objects?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Tree-ring dating – Dendrochronolgy

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Evidence from Post-holes What evidence do post-holes provide?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Other evidence – Bodies and Bones What evidence can archaeologists get from bodies and bones?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Reconstructing a Head What evidence can archaeologists get from reconstructing heads?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Evidence Preserved and Destroyed How evidence is preserved In tombs, bodies buried in coffins and sealed tombs. In the desert, the heat dries out objects, which stops them decaying. In peat bogs: waterlogged bogs preserve objects. By volcanoes, which can preserve bodies and objects. How evidence is destroyed By building work, such as roads, buildings, new fields. By storms and battles, which destroy ships. By war, which destroys towns and cities. By volcanoes, which can destroy buildings and objects.

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Conserving the Past Conservation is … the protection and preservation of ancient objects so that they do not decay. Conservation is … the protection and preservation of ancient objects so that they do not decay. How does History help tourism?

Chapter 2 | The Work of the Archaeologist Top Tourist Attractions – Where is the History? FactFile The 10 Most Popular Tourist Attractions in the World in 2013 voted by TripAdvisor 1 Machu Picchu, Peru 2 Angkor Wat, Siem Reap, Cambodia 3 Taj Mahal, Agra, India 4 Petra World Heritage Site, Wadi Musa, Jordan 5 Bayon Temple, Siem Reap, Cambodia 6 Great Cathedral and Mosque, Cordoba, Spain 7 Church of Our Savior on Spilled Blood, St Petersburg, Russia 8 St Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City, Italy 9 Ancient City Walls, Dubrovnik, Croatia 10Main Market Square (Rynek Glowny), Krakow, Poland FactFile The Top 10 Landmarks in Ireland in 2013 by TripAdvisor 1 Kilmainham Gaol 2 Trinity College (including the Book of Kells) 3 Glasnevin Cemetery and Museum 4 Chester Beatty Library 5 Blarney Castle and Gardens 6 Kilkenny Castle 5 Newgrange 8 Rock of Cashel 9 Dun Aengus, Aran Islands 10Charles Fort, Kinsale