Essential Question: – What were the significant causes & effects of the War of 1812? Reading Quiz Chapter 11

The War of 1812 History Channel Video: Madison

Renewed Conflict with England & France

Renewed Conflict Overseas In 1803, England & France resumed their war & violated US neutrality rights: – both England & France blockaded Europe to all trade by neutral countries & seized ships – British impressed ~9,000 sailors After a failed diplomatic mission, Jefferson refused to declare war on either England or France A war would be too expensive & destroy his plans for a small gov’t

Embargo Divides the Nation In 1807, Jefferson approved an embargo that prohibited US merchants from trading with England or France The embargo was unsuccessful: – It was widely unpopular & damaged the NE economy – Did not hurt England or France – Required huge gov’t oversight & an army to suppress smuggling

James Madison & the War of 1812

The War of 1812 In 1808, James Madison was elected President Non-Intercourse Act Madison’s 1 st foreign policy decision was to repeal the ineffective embargo in favor of the Non-Intercourse Act – The US will resume trade with England & France if each promises to stop seizing US ships & respect US neutrality Madison eagerly reopened English trade …but England continued to seize US ships Macon’s Bill #2 Congress replaced this act with Macon’s Bill #2 & offered exclusive trade to whichever nation respected US neutrality 1 st …but this did not work either

The War of 1812 By 1810, “War Hawks” in Congress demanded a declaration of war with England…Madison gave in on June 1, 1812 War of 1812 The US goal for the War of 1812: – US is too weak to beat England – So attack British Canada & force England to respect US rights

War of 1812 Americans were unprepared for a war with England: – Congress refused to raise wartime taxes – The US army was small & state militias were inadequate – The small US gov’t was incapable of waging & directing a full-scale war

War of 1812: The Early Course US army did not fare well against the better-trained British troops Did slightly better at sea (bulk of British navy still fighting Napoleon) In 1814, the British took the offensive in a 3-pronged attack: – Canada (not successful) – Chesapeake (successful) – New Orleans (irrelevant)

The War of 1812

The War of 1812: War’s End Canada Canada—British turned back at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain; gave up on Canadian offensive Chesapeake Chesapeake—undefended; British burned Washington, DC & lay siege to Baltimore New Orleans New Orleans—British & Americans engaged after a treaty was drawn up; attack thwarted by Andrew Jackson (a national hero)

Battle of New Orleans Johnny Horton VL7XS_8qgXM VL7XS_8qgXM

Hartford Convention Federalists convened in Dec 1814 to propose changes to the US Constitution: – No more 3/5 compromise – Limit president to one term – 2/3 majority vote needed to declare war, pass commercial laws, & admit new states End of War of 1812 made Hartford Convention appear disloyal The War of 1812 is still going on!! The Federalists never recovered

Treaty of Ghent Ends the War Treaty of Ghent Demands at the Treaty of Ghent: – British shared rights to the Mississippi River & a buffer state for Indians in the NW – US wanted impressment to end & a formal respect of trade rights These problems were not addressed, yet the Senate unanimously ratified the treaty The US claimed success in a “2nd war of independence”

Politics After the War of 1812

Video: Era of Good Feelings U

Politics After the War of 1812 After 1812, the Republicans dominated politics & begin adopting “Federalist” legislation: American System – Henry Clay proposed “American System” of high protective tariffs for industry & agriculture – Congress approved a protective tariffs to limit the importing of British manufactured goods – Congress approved a 2 nd Bank of the US to regulate money Who else are you going to vote for? The Republicans were had no accountability to the people

Monroe as President James Monroe was elected president in 1816 & 1820 Era of Good Feelings – Sought to promote an “Era of Good Feelings” – Wanted to promote America’s power in the world 1 st challenge was Depression of 1819; Monroe left this challenge to Congress because that leadership was not expected of him Sought national harmony & avoided controversy

Missouri Compromise In 1817, Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state & revealed US sectional rivalries: – North resented Southern control of presidency & its 3/5-inflated representation in House of Reps – South feared a Northern conspiracy to end all slavery – Equality had been maintained by alternating admission of “free” & “slave” states added to the US Population was growing more rapidly in North, so House of Reps favored Northerners NY rep Tallmadge wanted Missouri only if its state constitution provided for the gradual elimination of slavery

Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri Compromise (1820): – Missouri admitted as slave state – Maine (which broke from Mass) admitted as free state – Slavery was banned elsewhere in Louisiana Purchase above the latitude of 36°30' Missouri controversy exposed deep rift between North & South

Missouri Compromise,

John Marshall & the Supreme Court John Marshall (Chief Justice, ) used the position to strengthen the national gov’t: – Believed the Constitution exists to protect individuals from gov’t interference – Marshall used Supreme Court decisions to limit the powers of the states

John Marshall & the Supreme Court – Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): – Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819): gov’t cannot interfere with contracts between private parties – McCullough v. Maryland (1819): – McCullough v. Maryland (1819): Congress possesses powers not explicitly stated in Constitution; Congressional laws are supreme to decisions made by the states – Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): – Gibbons v. Odgen (1824): interstate commerce is power reserved for national gov’t

The Monroe Doctrine How was the US to respond when Latin America broke from Spain? – US supported the new republics – European powers disliked these liberal rebellions & were tempted to re-conquer them Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine (1823) warned European nations to stay out of the Western Hemisphere & US will not interfere in Europe The US will protect Latin American independence The US will act independently & will protect its sphere of influence