Analysis of Circuits…. Power Power: represents the time rate at which energy is transformed. The transformation of 1 Joule of energy in 1 second represents an average of 1 watt.

Charge Charge: An electric charge is the integral of the current with respect to time: A charge of 1 C is transferred in 1 s by a current of 1 A.

Current Current: A current is a net rate of flow of positives charge: A current of 1 A involves the transfer of a charge at the rate of 1 C per second

Voltage Voltage: A potential developed due to rate of energy in a given rate of charge. A charge of 1 C receives an energy of 1 J in moving through a voltage of 1 V:

Electric filed strength Electric Filed Strength: That is defined by the magnitude and direction of the forces f on a unit positive charge q in the electric filed.

Magnetic Field Density Magnetic Field Density: A magnetic filed develops in the region around a moving charge carrier or current. The intensity of the magnetic effect is determined by: Where Velocity of charge The magnetic flux density Symbol for cross product

Resistance Resistance: Physical parameter of current carrying wire:

Capacitance Capacitance is the ability of a body to hold an electrical charge. :

Inductance Inductance: A physical property of a magnetic circuit:

Impedance In a AC circuit the opposition to the flow of AC current is based on frequency of the signal.: It is thereof a complex quantity: wL wC wL-wC R z

Galvanometer as Ammeter/ Voltmeter Galvanometer_diagram.svgGalvanometer_diagram.svg‎ Using Right hand Rule Force F is developed while Flux density B from permanent magnet along with I Current passing through the coil is present:

Application of Ammeter/Voltmeter

Moving Coil Ammeter Linear Scale due to Moving Coil

Moving Iron Ammeter Non-linear Scale Due to Moving Iron

Ammeter An ammeter consists of a galvanometer with a shunt resistor. The input current i in divides with i m passing through the meter and i sh Passing the shunt. It is clear from Fig:

Design of Ammeter If R m =50 ohm and it is required that full scale capability of 1 mA is to measure up to 5 A: Rsh = 0.001*50/( ) 0.01 Ohm

Voltmeter Galvanometer is used as a voltmeter by connecting a series resistor R se where current remains same but total resistance is extended to extend the scale. V in = V m + V se

Design of Voltmeter A full scale 1 mA galvano 0f 50 0hm to measure 5 Volt FS: R se = (5/0.001)- 50 = 4950 Ohms A series resistance of 4950 Ohm will enable the same to read FS 5 Volts