Color Coding the Periodic Table of Elements Ms. Nail’s 7 th & 8 th Grade Science

Video: Developing the Periodic Table

Families of the PTE: There are 18 families on the PTE. Each family has a specific name. The largest family is the Transition Metal Family. Families are found in columns. Columns run up and down (vertical).

Groups of the PTE: Groups and Families are the same thing. However, when counting how many valence electrons each family has, we call them Groups. Groups, like families, are found in columns. Groups run up & down (vertical). Ex). Group 1 has 1 valence electron, Group 2 has 2 valence electrons, Group 3 has 3 valence electrons, and so on. We do not count the Transition Metal family when dealing with valence electrons, we skip over that family (they have a whole different set of rules when bonding). Elements in each group are grouped into families based on chemical properties.

Groups of the PTE (cont.) Chemical properties would include how reactive they are. Elements in each group have similar properties with other elements in that group. Elements in each group are looking to bond with other elements to achieve the Happy Number of 8 valence electrons. Ex) Group 1 (Alkali Metal Family) bonds well with Group 7 (Halogens) to achieve 8 total valence electrons.

Periods of the PTE There are 7 periods on the PTE. Atomic Number of each element increases as you move across the PTE. Periods are also called rows. Periods (Rows) run left to right. Each Period tells us how many electron shells the elements in the row has. Ex). Period 1 has 1 shell, Period 2 has 2 shells, Period 3 has 3 shells, and so on. Note: It may look like the bottom two are in their own periods, but they are not! They are in periods 6 and 7.

Alkali Metals Family Number: 1 Group Number: 1 Number of valence electrons: 1 Physical Properties: Silvery, soft, malleable, ductile, good conductors Chemical Properties: Metals that want to lose their 1 valence electron. Reactivity increases as you move down the group. Reactivity: HIGH States of Matter: Solids Bonds Well With: Halogens Elemental Family Members: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr Uses/Found in: Li – batteries, Na – salt, K – fertilizer/found in bananas, Rb – research, Cs – radiation detection equipment, Fr- research

Video: Alkali Metals

Alkaline Earth Metals Family Number: 2 Group Number: 2 Number of valence electrons: 2 Physical Properties: Silvery, soft, malleable, ductile, good conductors Chemical Properties: Metals that want to lose their 2 valence electrons. Reactivity: HIGH, but not as high as Alkali Metals States of Matter: Solids Bonds Well With: Halogens, giving 2 valence electrons to one halogen each OR Oxygen Family give both valence electrons away. Elemental Family Members: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra Uses/Found in: Be –spacecrafts, Mg –flares, Ca –bones, Sr –red color in fireworks, Ba,green color in fireworks, Ra –treats prostate cancer that has spread to the bones.

Alkali Metals & Alkali Earth Metals

Transition Metals Family Number: 3-12 Group Number: NO group numbers Number of valence electrons: Next to last shell can hold up 32 Physical Properties: hard, malleable, ductile, good conductors Chemical Properties: Forms oxides and chlorides Reactivity: Low States of Matter: Solids with exception of Mercury Bonds Well With: Do not worry about bonding. They have a whole different set of rules. Elemental Family Members: 21 (Scandium) through 29 (Copper) 39 (Yttrium) through 47 (Silver) 57 (Lanthanum) through 79 (Gold) 89 (Actinium) and all higher numbers. Uses/Found in: Uses Vary

Transition Metals cont. Lanthanides: Part of Transition Metals, found on Period 6 and are reactive. Actinides: Also part of Transition Metal, found of Period 7 and are radioactive. These two sections are also known as Rare Earth Metals because they are abundantly found in Earth’s Crust.

Boron Family Family Number: 13 Group Number: 3 Number of valence electrons: 3 Physical Properties: Boron is a mtl - good insulator. The rest are metals and are malleable. Chemical Properties: Metals, wants to Lose electrons rather than gain. Reactivity: Low States of Matter: Solids Bonds Well With: Oxygen Family Elements Elemental Family Members: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, UUT Uses/Found in: B – Borax Al – cans Ga – telescopes & mirrors In –touch screens, flat screen TVs Tl – Ringworm medicine Uut -Research

Carbon Family Family Number: 14 Group Number: 4 Number of valence electrons: 4 Physical Properties:1 nonmetal, 2 metalloids, 2 metals Chemical Properties: Shares electrons with nonmetals, gains from metals. Reactivity: More reactive than the Borons, but still low. States of Matter: Solids and gas Bonds Well With: other nonmetal groups Elemental Family Members C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl Uses/Found in: C – diamonds & pencil lead Si – computer chips & sand Ge - electronic devices Sn – tin foil Pb – pipes Fl - research

Nitrogen Family Family Number: 15 Group Number: 5 Number of valence electrons: 5 Physical Properties:2 nonmetals, 2 metalloids, 2 metals Chemical Properties: Shares electrons with nonmetals. Reactivity: Varies States of Matter: Solids and gas Bonds Well With: other nonmetal groups Elemental Family Members N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Uup Uses/Found in: N – ammonia P – matchboxes As – rat poison Sb – bullets Bi - fire sprinklers Uup - reasearch

Oxygen Family Family Number: 16 Group Number: 6 Number of valence electrons: 6 Physical Properties:3 nonmetals, 2 metalloids, 1 metal Chemical Properties: Shares electrons with nonmetals and gains from metals. Reactivity: High, but not as high as Halogens States of Matter: Solids and gas Bonds Well With: other nonmetal groups Elemental Family O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv Uses/Found in: O – air/water S – eggs Se – copiers Te – Thermoelectric coolers Po – anti-static brushes Lv - Research

Halogens Family Number: 17 Group Number: 7 Number of valence electrons: 7 Physical Properties:nonmetals- dull luster, poor conductors, brittle Chemical Properties: Wants to gain 1 electron to have a full shell. Reactivity: Highly Reactive, elements reactivity weakens as it moves DOWN the group. States of Matter: Solids, liquids gases Bonds Well With: Alkali Metal Family Elemental Family F, Cl, Br, I, At, Uus Uses/Found in: F – toothpaste Cl – swimming pools/salt Br – photography film I – Disinfectant medicine At – Radioactive medicine Uus - research

Noble Gases Family Number: 18 Group Number: 8 Number of valence electrons: 8 except for Helium, it has 2 Physical Properties:nonmetals – colorless, orderless Chemical Properties:8 valence electrons, full/happy or 2 for Helium Reactivity: Nonreactive States of Matter: gases Bonds Well With: no families, they have 8 and doesn’t want or need to bond. Elemental Family He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Uuo Uses/Found in: He – balloons Ne – advertising signs Ar – light bulbs Kr – flashlights Xe – Light house lights Rn – Surgical implants Uuo - research

Video: Halogens

Hydrogen Family Number: Doesn’t belong in a family Group Number: Sits in Group 1 Number of valence electrons: 1 Physical Properties: nonmetal, lightest, colorless Chemical Properties: Wants to bond by sharing it’s valence electron Reactivity: Highly Reactive, States of Matter: Gas Bonds Well With: Halogens and other nonmetals Elemental Family it’s adopted by the alkali metals. Uses and Bonds: Rocket fuel, makes up most 72% of the sun Bonds with Oxygen to make water Bonds with Nitrogen to make ammonia Bonds with Chlorine to make hydrochloric acid

What does it mean to be reactive? Elements that are reactive bond easily with other elements to make compounds (two or more elements bonded together). What makes an element reactive? 1.An incomplete valence electron shell. 2.All atoms (except hydrogen and helium) want to have 8 electrons in their very outermost energy shell.(This is called the Octect Rule.) 3.Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence electrons lose them during bonding. 4. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.