PIA 2501 Training and Education for Development

Training vs. Education Education: Pre-Service  Basic Education  Higher Education Training: In-Service

Training vs. Education Pedagogy- Childhood Learning Andragogy- Adult Centered Learning as Training Knowledge vs. Skills

Terms Human Resource Development  Social Development  Health  Education

Terms Management Development  Long term disjointed learning process  Individual absorbs education and training through out his/her career  Overseas, University Education and Training Courses

Terms Management Education  Classroom orient education  Focus on cognitive learning and knowledge acquisition  Not immediately applicable

Terms Management Training  Skills oriented  Job-Specific and organizationally related  Aimed at increasing individual’s ability to do his or her job

Training Methods Designer Training vs. Off the shelf Facilitator vs. Trainer Participatory vs. Lectures

Approaches to Training Formal Training  Lectures  Case Studies  Simulation

Approaches to Training On-the job Training  Coaching  Mentoring  Job Rotation

Learning Cycle Concrete Experiences Observation And Reflection Active Experimentation Abstract Generalization

On-the Job Behavioral Influences Physical -climate -office -Food Personal Characteristics -Intelligence -Culture Biological, etc Environmental And Interpersonal -Colleagues -Superiors -Subordinates, etc. Behavior Characteristics Social -Educational -Ideology -Social and Religious Norms

Approaches to Training Action Training/Organizational Development (OD)  Field Analysis  Process Observation  Problem Diagnosis

Approaches to Training Non-Formal Training  Support Groups  Professional Associations  Study Circles  Travel and site Visits

Sources of Training International Institutes and Universities Local Universities Government Institutes Private Institutes Regional Institutes/Third Country Training

Problems International Boondoggles Local Universities- Educate rather than train The NIPA (National Institute of Public Administration) Problem- Dead End

Problems Bridging Training- Limited Nuts and Bolts and Tunnel Vision Paper Collection Bounded Knowledge

Problems Expatriate Consultants- Lack Knowledge All trainers- Rote Training, Off the Shelf Ethnocentric Skills (U.S. or U.K.) dominate Francophone or Spanish- Secondary

PIA 2501 TEN MINUTE BREAK

Human Resource Development, Development Management, Planning and Policy The Focus of Education Public administration vs. development administration  Potential for development administration The role of NGOs and PVOs social movements, unions and cooperatives

Human Resource Development Project vs. program management planning  Implementation, institutional capacity and assessment  Focus of HRD Efforts

Human Resource Development: Who Pays International Involvement: Scholarships, Training, Institutional Development Part of Donor Activities: Technical Assistance and Training

HRD: The Transformation Motivation: Theory x vs. Theory y

Motivation  Theory X:  Basic Needs: Money  Time in Motion  Frederick Taylor, Taylorism and Scientific Management

Motivation Theory Y Hawthorne Experiments- Chicago Need to feel Human and part of social system Consulting, Sensitivity Training, “Suggestion Boxes”

Maslov’s Hierarchy of Needs (Theory z) First Level: Survival Needs--poverty culture and political uncertainty- Violation of the social contract Second level: Non-economic motivations- Social and egocentric Third Level: Self-actualization Ego- highest level

Education and Training: Knowledge Base  The problem of: bounded knowledge no short cuts to education  The key to the short-term experience: designer training  Organizational Development  Public Sector Higher Education System

Temptations of “Bridging” Training Short 3-6 Week Training Program, in-country or overseas Can substitute for the Experience of a University Education Training best focused on skills not complex systems and knowledge

Temptations of “Bridging” Training Extent to which the administrative culture reflects a high degree of paternalism One needs flexible people, with flexible minds

Temptations of Bridging Training The new administrators in Transitional states First vs. second generation: The bridging generation can block the next generations

Problem of Bounded Knowledge The Concept Need for gradual retirement of existing Administrators and a staggered bridge

Problem of Bounded Knowledge The time factor  Professional and technical skills and "the art of management" Administrative culture  Issue of debate and discussion within the public service (problem of conformity) Criticism of tunnel vision  Mentality of the old nuts and bolts mechanisms within the context of a centralized state

Education and Training: Education:  Entry Requirements The MPA style degree?  The role of University programs

Education and Training  The Prospects and Limits of training: Problems of management skills Basic Techniques and Processes (e.g. Computers and Quantitative Skills) How much Consciousness Raising?  Development Management vs. Management Development The debate over Human Resource Development Chicken and Egg Redeux

Education and Training: Education in Public Management, Personnel, Financial Management, Management Information Systems ( Masters Degree as a Professional Degree )  Public Policy Analysis and Issue Areas  Public Administration  Political Institutions and Processes  Macro and Micro Economics  Development Policy and Management (NGOs)

Training and Education The role of overseas training and education: Problems of technical assistance  Role of donors and the policy process  Donor provision of planners and administrators  The attractiveness of Bridging Training  The Brain Drain Issue

The Transformation Human Resource development planning: The Importance of a BASE LINE planning Rule of Thumb: The Wider the target the less precise the planning

Base Line Planning  Macro-planning- Country Wide  Sectoral Planning-single sector, eg. agriculture  Functional Planning- engineers  Sub-national Planning- local level  Institutional planning or organizational- single unit  Skills analysis- focus on individual

Discussion: Civil Service Training in Eritrea- Picard Each group prepare a five minute critique Break into groups minutes