: The World at War : The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H. S. Ms. Snyder CCHS

Differing Viewpoints  “Family Feud”  “Fall of the Eagles”  “The War to End All Wars”  “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

Causes of the War

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

“Powder Keg” of Europe  Two alliance system in existence  French unhappiness at the loss of Alsace & Lorraine (F-P War)  Arms race between Germany and France  Naval rivalry between Britain and Germany  Austria and Russia competing for influence in the Balkans  Germany attempts to gain colonies annoying and frightening Fr., Br., R.

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo Video

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

Four Steps to War Austria Declares War against Serbia – July 28, 1914 #1

A. July 5 – The Blank Check Pay to A-H From G. Still Part of Step #1 “You can rely on us”

B. July 23 – The Ultimatum If you touch me, I’ll… If you make a move, I’ll If you hit that little feller, I’ll… If you strike my friend, I’ll.. If you hit him, I’ll… Hi there, if you don’t… Serbia Austria Russia Germany France Great Britain

C. July 25 – Serbia sends a reply and rejects part of the ultimatum The sentence that caused a war 6. The [Serbian] Government considers it its duty as a matter of course to begin an investigation against all those persons who have participated in the outrage of June 28th and who are in its territory. As far as the cooperation in this investigation of specially delegated officials of the [Austro-Hungarian] Government is concerned, this cannot be accepted, as this is a violation of the constitution and of criminal procedure. -- Serbian Response to the Ultimatum, 25 July, 1914 The Power Behind Austria (at the ultimatum steps). “I don’t quite like his attitude. Somebody Must be backing him.” Serbia Austria Russia

D. July 28 – A-H Declares War  Interestingly, the Kaiser thought the Serbs reply was SO conciliatory, that after reading it, he wrote: “the reply amounted to a capitulation in the humblest style, and with it there disappeared all reason for war.” Austrians look unfair, unreasonable, and war-mad to rest of the world

Four Steps to War Russia Mobilizes A. Willy-Nicky Letters July 29, 1914 An unjust war has been declared on a weak country. The anger in Russia shared fully by me is enormous. I foresee that very soon I shall be overwhelmed by the pressure forced upon me and be forced to take extreme measures which will lead to war. To try and avoid such a calamity as a European war, I beg you in the name of our old friendship to do what you can to stop your allies from going too far.-Nicky (July 29, 1914, telegram) #2 Kaiser Wilhem II Tsar Nicholas II

B. Despite the correspondence with Wilhelm, Nicholas begins a partial mobilization - July 29, 1914 C.Russia begins general mobilization – Generals can’t mobilize against A-H without mobilizing against Germany too! –July 30-31, 1914 Still Step #2

Four Steps to War Schlieffen Plan  General Alfred von Schlieffen  Deal with a potential 2-Front War  France is weak => Defeat 1 st  90% of the German Army  Based on assumption that Russia would be slow to mobilize #3

The Schlieffen Plan

Wilhelm needed to know France’s Plan  Aid Russia? Or Not?  Germany issues Russia and France and ultimatum July 31, 1914 Still Step #3

A. Russian Ultimatum Demobilize – get off the German border B. French Ultimatum Stay neutral – don’t get involved Still Step #3

C. The problem with the Schlieffen Plan  Requires Germany to invade through neutral Belgium to get to Paris quickly Still Step #3 Belgium This is a huge risk

C. The problem with the Schlieffen Plan continued  Treaty of London 1839 – Britain and Prussia  Guaranteed Belgian neutrality  But, there’s no Plan B  Russia is mobilizing too fast Still Step #3

D. August 1 – G. Declares war on Russia

August 3 – G. Declares war on France

F. August 3-4 – Germany invades Belgium

Four Steps to War England joins in  German gamble - Belgium  Britain upholds Treaty of 1839 #4 “ The greatest war of modern times, and perhaps in the whole history of the human race, was begun by Germany using the crime of a schoolboy as an excuse ” The Great War -the Standard History (1914) [A British patriotic magazine published weekly]

August 4 – Britain declares war on Germany

“The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.” (Sir Edward Grey)

Who’s To Blame?

German Atrocities in Belgium

Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propagand a

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster Think of Your Children!

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front  Germany, France, Britain and Belgium  475 miles long from Switzerland to North Sea

The Western Front  “Race to the Sea” – Each side trying to outflank the other  War of Attrition = a struggle in which you harm your opponent in a lot of small ways, so that they become gradually weaker

1 st Battle of the Marne – Sept 5-12, 1914 Paris Marne River

 600 Taxis  Allied counter-attack  Prevented fall of Paris  Forced German retreat  Schlieffen Plan isn’t going to work  Set the stage for “trench warfare”

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is  !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles,

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The “Colonial” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

Americ a Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

“Art” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey Erzerum215,0001,500 Van197, Kharbert204,00035,000 Diarbekir124,0003,000 Bitlis220,00056,000 Sivas225,00016,800 Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey Western Anatolia371,80027,000 Cilicia and Northern Syria309,00070,000 European Turkey194,000163,000 Trapizond District73,39015,000 Total 2,133,190387,800