: The World at War

Differing Viewpoints  “Family Feud”  “The War to End All Wars”  “The War to ‘Make the World Safe for Democracy’”

Causes of the War

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Allied Powers: Central Powers:

The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe “The Black Hand” pro- Serbian nationalists The “Powder Keg” of Europe “The Black Hand” pro- Serbian nationalists

The “ Spark ”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame? German encirclement theory? Ignorance of modern warfare? M.A.I.N. Who’s To Blame? German encirclement theory? Ignorance of modern warfare? M.A.I.N.

What was that about?  By 1900’s, Ottoman Empire in decline  Nations had formed from Ottoman territory  Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia (Slavic group)  Serbia wanted to extend boundaries into A-H territory (Pan-Slavism…if Slavs there…it’s ok to take)  1908 A-H took Bosnia-Herzegovina (lots of Slavic people there)  Serbia really upset.  Black Hand wanted to rid Bosnia of all A-H power

Who started it?  Should have been between Serbia and Austria-Hungary  Instead…Russia backed Serbia and Germany backed A-H  A-H declares war on Serbia  Russia mobilizes troops near German and Austrian border  Germany declares war on Russia AND France  British are sucked in for the ride.

The Schlieffen Plan Attack France through neutral Belgium The Schlieffen Plan Attack France through neutral Belgium

German Atrocities in Belgium

Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

Recruitment Posters

A Young Australian Recruit

Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Russian Women Soldiers

Spies e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy! e “Mata Hari” e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle e German Spy!

Posters: Wartime Propaganda

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

German Poster Think of Your Children!

The Western Front: A “ War of Attrition ”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”,

T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles,

The Tsar with General Brusilov

The “ Colonial ” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece French colonial marine infantry from Cochin, China

America Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania 1915 Passengers, munitions for GB The Sinking of the Lusitania 1915 Passengers, munitions for GB

The Zimmerman Telegram 1917

The Yanks Are Coming! 1917 The Yanks Are Coming! 1917

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

“ Art ” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

1919 Flu Pandemic

Influenza  Kansas index case to American cities  2 months later on the front in Europe  2 months later in the civilian population in Europe  To Asia, Africa, back to Europe and N. America  20 million dead

11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Treaty of Versailles 1919  Peace treaty that simply sets the stage for World War 2  More details to come…

Weimar Republic  Germany tried a democracy  Forced on them  Given no assistance  No experience or history of democracy  Seriously flawed constitution…