Age of Religious Wars Struggle for Power Religion or Politics ?

Protestants vs. Catholics Reformation caused a series of wars.Reformation caused a series of wars. Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself.Europe was trying to RE-Discovery itself. Wars are both national and international conflicts.Wars are both national and international conflicts. –1555: Peace of Augsberg -> cuius regio, eius religio –1563: Council of Trent ended –1564: Calvin dies in Geneva

Religion into Political Structure Catholics – stressed the episcopal church system where obedience to the person at the top was emphasized. Calvinists – adopted a presbyterian church system where local churches maintained individual control.

Cultural Developments Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display of life and energy.Baroque Art: Three-dimensional display of life and energy. Grandiose and elegant landscapes and portraits.Grandiose and elegant landscapes and portraits. Differences in Catholic vs. ProtestantDifferences in Catholic vs. Protestant –Peter Paul Rubens: –Rembrandt van Rijn:

Intellectual Developments Skepticism, Relativism, & IndividualismSkepticism, Relativism, & Individualism –“To kill a man is not to defend a doctrine, but to kill a man” Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation for political unity.Politiques: Rulers who urged tolerance and moderation for political unity.

French Wars of Religion French Protestants- HuguenotsFrench Protestants- Huguenots Edict of Fontainebleu 1540Edict of Fontainebleu 1540 Edict of Chateaubriand 1551Edict of Chateaubriand 1551 For the most part, France remained a staunch foe of Protestants.For the most part, France remained a staunch foe of Protestants.

Internal Conflicts Henry II accidentally dies and breaks Habsburg-Valois peace.Henry II accidentally dies and breaks Habsburg-Valois peace. Francis II becomes KING.Francis II becomes KING. Families vie for power:Families vie for power: - Bourbons - Montmorency-Chatillons - Guises

Catherine de Medicis Ascends to power, as the regency of her son, Francis II and then Charles IXAscends to power, as the regency of her son, Francis II and then Charles IX Guise sympathiesGuise sympathies War with the HuguenotsWar with the Huguenots MachiavellianMachiavellian

Factors of War Peace of Saint-Germain-en-LayePeace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye - In 1570, Granted religious freedom to the Huguenots – Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the Turks1571 – Battle of Lepanto Spain crushes the Turks Saint Bartholomew’s Day MassacreSaint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre - August 24, 1572 over 20,000 Protestants were killed.

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A Nominal Peace In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot Protestant, came to power.In 1589, Henry III was stabbed and Henry (IV) Navarre, a Huguenot Protestant, came to power. A true politiqueA true politique Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted the religious freedom of worship.Edict of Nantes 1598: Granted the religious freedom of worship.

Henry IV Bourbon Dynasty A true politique who ended the Wars of Religion in France Treaty of Vervins Assassinated in 1610 by a Catholic Monk

Pillars of Spanish Power Philip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Dynasty, a true Machiavellian rulerPhilip II: Ruler of the Eastern Habsburg Dynasty, a true Machiavellian ruler Extremely CatholicExtremely Catholic Wealth and Power come from the New World.Wealth and Power come from the New World. Wanted complete control over EuropeWanted complete control over Europe

Philip II: New World Riches –Silver and Gold Increased Population –Subjugated Poor Efficient Bureaucracy –Controlled Lesser Nobles Supremacy in the Mediterranean

The Netherlands Philip’s first attempt to seize northern Europe was in the NetherlandsPhilip’s first attempt to seize northern Europe was in the Netherlands His efforts, however, were to no availHis efforts, however, were to no avail 1550s - Calvinism makes its way into the Netherlands1550s - Calvinism makes its way into the Netherlands

Protestant Opposition William of Orange - Calvinist who opposed Philip II.William of Orange - Calvinist who opposed Philip II. Compromise of 1564: pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.Compromise of 1564: pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition. Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Netherlands.Philip sends the Duke Alba to the Netherlands.

Duke of Alba Arrives in Rotterdam 1567Arrives in Rotterdam ,000 soldiers10,000 soldiers Reign of TerrorReign of Terror “Tenth Penny” - Sales Tax“Tenth Penny” - Sales Tax

Resistance & Unification William of Orange joined forces with “Sea Beggars”William of Orange joined forces with “Sea Beggars” In 1572, capture the city of BrillIn 1572, capture the city of Brill Pacification of Ghent: Splits the Netherlands.Pacification of Ghent: Splits the Netherlands. - North: Protestant - South: Catholic

Towards Independence Union of Arras: supported the Counter- Reformation -> TrentUnion of Arras: supported the Counter- Reformation -> Trent Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism.Union of Utrecht: supported Calvinism Wm of Orange declares Independence from Spain Wm of Orange declares Independence from Spain He was assassinated! He was assassinated! Independence not recognized until 1648Independence not recognized until 1648

England’s Religious Wars Mary Tudor: reinstates CatholicismMary Tudor: reinstates Catholicism Married to Philip II – her cousinMarried to Philip II – her cousin “Bloody Mary” killed thousands of Protestants“Bloody Mary” killed thousands of Protestants Died 1558 supposedly giving birth - no heir so Elizabeth I became the RegentDied 1558 supposedly giving birth - no heir so Elizabeth I became the Regent

Thomas Cranmer’s Execution

Elizabeth I: A true politiqueA true politique Political unity in EnglandPolitical unity in England Re-established the Church of EnglandRe-established the Church of England Never marriesNever marries

Internal Problems Catholicism vs. Protestantism in England.Catholicism vs. Protestantism in England. Elizabeth sought the middle roadElizabeth sought the middle road Protestants split in England:Protestants split in England: - Presbyterians - Congregationalists

External Problems Problems stem from SpainProblems stem from Spain Elizabeth I was the only support and hope for the Protestants in northern EuropeElizabeth I was the only support and hope for the Protestants in northern Europe Treaty of Nonsuch Treaty of Nonsuch executes Mary Scots executes Mary Scots

Tilbury Speech

Spanish Armada: 1588

Political or Religious ? The Thirty Years’ War was the last and most destructive wars of religion.The Thirty Years’ War was the last and most destructive wars of religion. It established the map of Europe and brought the world into modernity.It established the map of Europe and brought the world into modernity. BUT… was it a political struggle or a religious crusade?BUT… was it a political struggle or a religious crusade?

Religious Divisions Lutherans were established in the north and protected by the Peace of Augsburg.Lutherans were established in the north and protected by the Peace of Augsburg. Catholics had established a stronghold in France, Spain, and HRE.Catholics had established a stronghold in France, Spain, and HRE. Calvinist took over the Palatine under elector Frederick IIICalvinist took over the Palatine under elector Frederick III

Four Periods of War Bohemian Bohemian Danish Danish Swedish Swedish Swedish-French Swedish-French

Bohemian Period Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes an entrance in 1618.Ferdinand a Habsburg Catholic makes an entrance in May Defenestration of PragueMay Defenestration of Prague Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V to the Palatine.Calvinists protest and elect Frederick V to the Palatine. Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the Catholic League.Ferdinand finds allies in Spain and the Catholic League.

Danish Period King of Denmark - Christian IV was a Lutheran with BIG goals.King of Denmark - Christian IV was a Lutheran with BIG goals. The Catholic League and Albrecht of Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary.The Catholic League and Albrecht of Wallenstein, a Catholic mercenary. Edict of Restitution 1629Edict of Restitution 1629

Swedish Period Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize his interests in the mainland.Gustavos Adolphus wanted to maximize his interests in the mainland. Backed by the French and the DutchBacked by the French and the Dutch Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the Battle of Lutzen.Killed in 1632 by Wallenstein in the Battle of Lutzen. Wallenstein assassinated by FerdinandWallenstein assassinated by Ferdinand

Swedish-French Period French moved directly into the war.French moved directly into the war. The mostly deadly phase of the war, with over a third of the German population being wiped out.The mostly deadly phase of the war, with over a third of the German population being wiped out. Resulted in a politically fragmented and weak German region.Resulted in a politically fragmented and weak German region.

Treaty of Westphalia Clearly this peace treaty is a secular document, but what exactly does it establish?Clearly this peace treaty is a secular document, but what exactly does it establish? How did it significantly bring about the entrance into the modern era?How did it significantly bring about the entrance into the modern era?

Interpretations What was the motivating factor behind the Thirty Years’ War?What was the motivating factor behind the Thirty Years’ War? - Religion - Politics - Greed

Next Week Briefly trace the paths to power of England and France in 17 th century and define what the differences were in the two distinct formations. Focus on ONE: either England’s Path to Constitutionalism or France’s Success in Absolutism.