+ Evidence and Argument in reading, writing, speaking and listening

+ A Study of the ELA Standards that illustrate the role of evidence

+ Essential Question What role does evidence play across the grade bands and how is it integrated into reading, writing, speaking & listening ?

+ Three Shifts in ELA/Literacy 1. Building knowledge through content-rich nonfiction 2. Reading, writing and speaking grounded in evidence from text, both literary and informational 3. Regular practice with complex text and its academic language 4

+ Defining Evidence Read and annotate your article, indicating words and phrases that help define what we mean by “evidence.” When you have finished share your notes with those at your table, paying special attention to commonalities.

+ Evidence Definition Facts/Characteristics Examples Nonexamples Evidence

+ Evidence in the Standards Reading Standard 1 Standard 8 Writing Standard 1 Standard 8 Standard 9 Speaking and Listening Standard 3 Standard 4

+ Coordinated structure Standards are usually somewhat random lists of skills, knowledge, and strategies; however, the common core state standards have very strong progressions and an organization that requires attention. Strong connections exist across reading, oral language, and writing. As a result, Progressions require careful study

+ Back-mapping the ELA CCSS  Starting with college and career readiness  Standards for each grade level are identified  Working backward from grade to 9-10 to 8 etc.  Establishes a clear, aligned K-12 pathway, linking elementary, middle, high school, and end-of-high school college and career readiness

+ A vertical view of the standards

+ Analyzing the Standards

+ Standard to Practice With a partner: Highlight the first place “evidence” appears in the grade level standard as it progresses toward College and Career Ready Anchor Standards (CCRS) Highlight the references to “evidence” from K-12 in the standard. In early grades, the word “evidence” may not appear, but foundational skills will be present. Write a summary statement regarding the development of the role of evidence in this standard.

+ A Closer Look

+ INSRUCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS How will the emphasis on evidence affect my instruction?

+ Evidence in the Classroom What do you observe about the role of evidence in the classrooms you are viewing? How is it related to rigor? Engagement? What do the classroom examples imply for your classroom practice?

+ Classroom Practice: Evidence-based Questions Developing text-dependent questions

+ Shift # 2: Text Dependent Questions 1. Building knowledge through content-rich nonfiction 2. Reading, writing and speaking grounded in evidence from text, both literary and informational 3. Regular practice with complex text and its academic language

+ Time – In and Out of the Text More instructional time spent outside the text means less time inside the text. Departing from the text in classroom discussion privileges only those who already have experience with the topic. It is easier to talk about our experiences than to analyze the text—especially for students reluctant to engage with reading. The CCSS are College and Career Readiness Standards.

+ Text-Dependent Questions are not…  Low-level, literal, or recall questions  Focused on comprehension strategies  Just questions…

+ Text-Dependent Questions... Can only be answered with evidence from the text. Can be literal (checking for understanding) but must also involve analysis, synthesis, evaluation. Focus on word, sentence, and paragraph, as well as larger ideas, themes, or events. Focus on difficult portions of text in order to enhance reading proficiency. Can also include prompts for writing and discussion questions.

+ Three Types of Text-Dependent Questions When you're writing or reviewing a set of questions, consider the following three categories: Questions that assess themes and central ideas Questions that assess knowledge of vocabulary Questions that assess syntax and structure

+ Non-Examples and Examples In “Casey at the Bat,” Casey strikes out. Describe a time when you failed at something. In “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” Dr. King discusses nonviolent protest. Discuss, in writing, a time when you wanted to fight against something that you felt was unfair. In “The Gettysburg Address” Lincoln says the nation is dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Why is equality an important value to promote? What makes Casey’s experiences at bat humorous? What can you infer from King’s letter about the letter that he received? “The Gettysburg Address” mentions the year According to Lincoln’s speech, why is this year significant to the events described in the speech? Text-Dependent Not Text-Dependent Text-Dependent

+ Creating Text-Dependent Questions Step OneIdentify the core understandings and key ideas of the text. Step TwoStart small to build confidence. Step ThreeTarget vocabulary and text structure. Step FourTackle tough selections head-on. Step FiveCreate coherent sequences of text-dependent questions. Step SixIdentify the standards that are being addressed. Step SevenCreate the culminating assessment.

+ Core Understanding and Key Ideas Reverse-engineered or backwards-designed Crucial for creating an overarching set of successful questions Critical for creating an appropriate culminating assignment

+ Core Understanding and Key Ideas Core Understanding and Key Idea: Two people of very different ages may still have much in common and become friends. Synopsis: Opal has just moved to a new town in a new state and has no friends yet. Through a series of comic mishaps inadvertently started by her very special dog, Winn-Dixie, Opal meets Miss Franny, the town librarian. Opal realizes they have much in common and a friendship is ignited.

+ Vocabulary Which words should be taught? Essential to understanding text Likely to appear in future reading Which words should get more time and attention? More abstract words (as opposed to concrete words) persist vs. checkpoint noticed vs. accident Words which are part of semantic word family secure, securely, security, secured

+ Vocabulary and Text Dependent Questions From “Hot and Cold Summer” - 5 th grade fictional text “ To avoid someone means to keep away from them so that you don’t have to see them and they don’t have to see you. How did the boys avoid meeting Bolivia at first?” (pg. 23) Re-read the last two paragraphs on page 39. Rory had a “strong suspicion”. What is a suspicion? What details in the story made Rory suspicious of Bolivia?

+ Syntax and Text Dependent Questions Syntax can predict student performance as much as vocabulary does. Questions and tasks addressing syntax are powerful. Example: Who are the members of the wolf pack? How many wolves are in the pack? To answer this, pay close attention to the use of commas and semi-colons in the last paragraph on pg The semi-colons separate or list each member in the pack.

+ Structure and Text-Dependent Questions Text-dependent questions can be crafted to point students’ attention to features of text that enhance understanding (such as how section headers and captions lead to greater clarity or provide hints regarding what is most important in informational text, or how illustrations add to a narrative).

+ Structure and Text Dependent Questions Examples: “Look at the illustrations on page 31. Why did the illustrator include details like the power outlets in the walls?” “Dillard is careful to place opposing descriptions of the natural and man-made side-by-side. How does this juxtaposition fit with or challenge what we have already read? Why might she have chosen this point in the text for these descriptions?”

+ Reading Strategies and Text- Dependent Questions Text-dependent questions generally call on students to employ reading strategies. Strategies are no longer taught in isolation. The text and readers’ need to comprehend it should determine what strategies are activated - not the other way around.

+ A Constant Presence Bands 11-CCR K-1 Bands 11-CCR K-1 Increased Ability to Use Text Evidence Increasing Range and Complexity Standard One Standard Ten Standards Two through Nine

+ Culminating Tasks Should relate to core understanding and key ideas. A coherent sequence of text dependent questions will scaffold students toward successfully completing the culminating task. Example: “The title of this selection is ‘Because of Winn-Dixie.' Using your answers from the questions above and class discussion, explain why this is an appropriate title for the selection. Be sure to clearly cite evidence from the text for each part of your answer.” “Officer Buckle’s final safety tip is 'ALWAYS STICK WITH YOUR BUDDY.' How did he and Gloria each learn this lesson for themselves throughout the story?”

+ Final Thoughts Text-Dependent Questions There is no one right way to have students work with text dependent questions. Providing for the differing needs of students means providing and scaffolding supports differentially - not asking easier questions or substituting simpler text. Listening and speaking should be built into any sequence of activities along with reading and writing: “Re-read it, think it, talk it, write it” The CCSS require ALL students to read and engage with grade appropriate complex text regularly. This requires new ways of working in our classrooms.

+ ASSESSMENT IMPLICATIONS How will the emphasis on evidence be assessed? Smarter Balanced

+ Evidence and Argument in reading, writing, speaking and listening Workshop 2– Using Evidence: Instructional Strategies Workshop 3— Analyzing Student Work and Instructional Strategies