Welcome to Seminar 8: Paraphrasing the Work of Outside Authors Revision 1

Welcome to Seminar 8: Paraphrasing the Work of Outside Authors Paraphrasing is when you rephrase an author’s words. You do this to make the essay fluid, to break up the use of direct quotations. 2

Welcome to Seminar 8: Paraphrasing the Work of Outside Authors Like a direct quotation, a paraphrase must always be cited. 3

Unit 8 Work—What’s going on this unit Reading: For this week’s reading, we’ll learn how to paraphrase the work of outside authors. Seminar: In this week’s seminar, we’ll continue our study of paraphrasing. Discussion: In our discussion this week, we’ll discuss our experience in the Peer Review Workshop. Peer Review Workshop: You will post a draft of your essay to the workshop, and then you will review the draft of at least one other student. 4

Paraphrasing the Work of Others What does it mean to paraphrase? Is it the same thing as summarizing? 5

What is a paraphrase? 1.Restatement of the author’s original idea… 2.In more or less the same number of words… 3.Keeping the original idea intact… 4.And citing just as you would a direct quote. 6

Paraphrasing the Work of Others WHY do we paraphrase when we could simply quote directly? 7

Why Paraphrase? 1.To fit the quote into the current context. 2.To maintain a constant “voice” or “tone” in the essay. 3.To help YOU as the writer to understand what the author is saying (putting something into your own words is a good way to make sure you understand it). 8

When do we NOT paraphrase? 1.You should paraphrase more often than you quote directly to maintain a steady voice in the paper. 9

When do we NOT paraphrase? 1.You should quote directly to present a particularly well-spoken passage. 10

When do we NOT paraphrase? 1.You should quote directly if you’re using a particularly authoritative source (like MLK in a paper about racism) 11

HOW do we paraphrase? Paraphrasing is more than just swapping a word here and there for a synonym. It means rewording the entire passage in your own words. 12

Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing 1. Make sure you understand the entire passage before beginning the paraphrase. 13

Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing 2. Set the passage aside and write the paraphrase without looking at the original. 14

Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing 3.Now compare the two. Did you use any unique words or phrases from the original? 15

Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing (continued) 4.If you used words/phrases from the original, replace them or put them in quotations. 16

Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing (continued) 5.Read both the original and your paraphrase. Did you present the original idea correctly and completely? 17

Some Tips for Effective Paraphrasing (continued) 6.Cite the paraphrase correctly using APA. 18

Let’s Practice The course lists two practice sentences in the seminar link: "It has been estimated that a child of six knows as many as 13,000 words and the average high school graduate about 60,000.“ 19

Let’s Practice "Creating an atmosphere of safety and trust is critical to the development of a good working group online." 20

Seminar 8, pt. 2: The Importance of Peer Review and Team Collaboration By Marsha Bass, MS Ed. and Julie Riley, MS 21

Why Do We Participate in Peer Reviews? Peer reviewing is important because it gives students an opportunity to have their rough drafts read by an objective party who can make good suggestions on how it can be improved before the final submission. 22

Remember… you are helping each other. If something doesn't work, you aren't helping by not saying anything and you aren’t hurting by saying "I don't understand what you mean." Or "I think an example would help me understand." Or "I think you should define this." 23

Just saying "this is great" or "this is interesting" says nothing. 24

There are different types of comments or responses each of you should make when evaluating a paper. Pointing: Say which ideas (or words) stood out. In paragraph 1 where you described Miss Bessie -- your description of her being five foot tall and weighing less that 100, but being "a towering presence in the classroom." Really caught my attention and gave me a picture of a tough little lady Your description --of the A"bad situation" in paragraph 4 didn't give me a clear picture of why it was bad. Could you describe it more clearly -- Why is it bad? 25

Summarizing: Explain the writer's main idea (purpose) in a single sentence. I really understood-- your main idea of the importance of beginning saving money for the future at a young age. Your example of... really made the point clear. I wasn't sure what point you were trying to make -- could you possibly reword the last sentence (third sentence or whichever one) so that the point you are making is clearer or more easily understood. 26

Other suggestions Question any confusing points. 27

Other suggestions What aspects of the main idea does the author develop well? Which ones need more support? 28

Other suggestions Does the author use examples, support, or illustration of each aspect of the main idea? 29

Other suggestions Are there smooth transitions between ideas? Between paragraphs? Again, don’t simply answer the questions with just a simple yes or no. 30

Other suggestions Do you have a sense of satisfaction at the end of the essay? Do you have any unanswered questions or doubts? Did the writer leave you hanging? 31

Why so many edits and revisions? 32

Why the paper submission service and a peer edit? Writing is a process and not only does it get better over time, but it gets better with revision. The more people who read your paper, the more chances you have to pick up an error or something that is not communicated effectively. 33

Why edit? Remember… …even professional writers need editors! Writing is a process and with any process, there is always something that we can learn or change. 34

The Kaplan University Writing Center has a very valuable service for all students. When you submit your paper to our Writing Service, you will receive detailed feedback and suggestions for revision. I want you to learn to use this service, not only in this course, but in all future courses at Kaplan. This is a free service that will cost you in other places when you leave Kaplan. Take advantage of this terrific opportunity now and throughout your time at Kaplan! 35

Remember… Use your ARMS to revise Add Remove Move Substitute 36

Review of APA Citation: References page: The title of the References page is centered. It is not called “Reference” or “Works Cited.” Or “bibliography.” All entries on the page should be in alphabetical order. Entries should use a hanging indent and be double-spaced. 37

What should be included in every reference? Author's last name, First initial. (Year, month, day). Title. Publication data. Note the use of hanging indent and double spacing. All entries should be capitalized. 38

Exceptions If there is no author, begin with the title. Title. (year, month, day). Publication data. 39

Exceptions If there is no date of publication-- the letters n.d. are placed in parentheses instead of the year (n.d.). 40

Sample book Valenza, K. (1998). My Life as a disc jockey. New York: Random House. 41

Sample article Abrams, J. (1998, Jan 21). New cities. Time, 23 (4), p.3. 42

In-text citation Jones (1998) views Chicago as the city of the future. In 1998, Jones viewed Chicago as an example of the city of the future and pointed out... "Chicago is the city of the future" (Jones, 1998, p. 12). 43

Government document Department of transportation. (1996). Liability cost and risk analysis studies: Bus liability review for six transit systems. (DOT-T-96-14). Washington: DC: Technological Sharing Program. 44

Electronic material Last name, Initials. (date). Title of article. Name of Source. Retrieved month day, year from web address or name of data base. Fairbairn, G. L. (1998). Suicide, language, and clinical practice. Philosophy, Psychiatry, 5. Retrieved December 3, 2003 from 45

Citing electronic material in-text According to Fairbairn (1998), suicide among teens... ……suicide among teens is a major problem (Fairbairn, 1998). 46

If no author, look for the issuing agency Issuing agency. (date). Title of article. Name of Source. Retrieved month day, year from web address. American Heart Association. (2002). Stop smoking in two weeks. American Heart Association. Retrieved December 3, 2003 from

Listing an issuing agency In-text The American Heart Association (2002) has developed a step.... …..using this plan a person can stop smoking (American Heart, 2002). 48

No issuing agency—begin with title. Title. (date). Name of source. Retrieved month day, year from web address. The colors of childhood. (2000, January). Smithsonian. Retrieved December 3, 2003 from 49

No issuing agency in-text In the article "The Colors of Childhood" (2000) states. …most children prefer the color red (The Colors, 2000). 50

Any questions? 51