Proto-Renaissance and International Gothic 13th and 15th Centuries Europe Instructor: Erica Ness 11th and 13th century in Italy continued to be influenced by the Byzantine especially through the trade routes and Port cities. This period is often seen as Italian Gothic rather than the proto-Renaissance, but it is the period does have a recognition of Greek and Roman through texts and artworks, and as a result can be considered the predecessor to the Renaissance. Patronage will change during this period to include more than just royalty and the church. Artists will be trained more under the master/apprentice relationship. If a boy was identified as talented they would be placed in the service of a Master, they started with tasks like mixing paint and then worked up to doing more important parts like painting. They would ultimately assimilate the masters style, become the master and take on their own apprentices.. The creation of contracts between patrons and artists will provide us with important information about the artists and creation process of the works.

Madonna Enthroned Artist: Cimabue Date:1280-1290 C.E. Medium: Tempera on wood. Size: 12’7” by 7’4” Location: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence Cimabue is seen as the last Great Byzantine Painter Gold Backgrounds with heavy outlining Long thin proportions of the figures They appear to have a floating quality Child appears again as a young man. The four prophets who foretold the coming of Christ are located at the bottom as the foundations of new.

Madonna Enthroned (Ognissanti Madonna) Artist: Giotto Date:1310 C.E. Medium: Tempera on Wood Size: 10’8” by 6’8” Location: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Humanism counteracts the ignorance of the middle ages. The mentality spread throughout Europe, increasing the desire to collect ancient texts and studying antiquity. There was an influence of Human nature and human form, again an Ideal begins to be persued. Literacy in general grew among the people Artists begin signing their work in the Greek style. Giotto stands as the ‘creator’ of a new style of paining. He is seen s bringing art out of the “middle ages”

Compare and Constrast There are differences in space and form Both have the same media Both have elaborate throne for Mary But Cimabue’s throne is less rational use of space The body is turned less naturally There is an increase in outlining The forms seem to float Giotto’s is more grounded The body turns more naturally There is a use of darks and lights to define objects There figures seem more grounded and Christ has more of a child’s figure.

Interior View, Arena Chapel, Padua Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy Built by Enrico Scrovegni (Padua’s Wealthiest Citizen) Called the Arena Chapel, because of the arena Ruins next to it. Progressive Story in Fresco (Rough plaster, plan space, painted on smooth plaster and add details. On the left we see the virtues and on the left the vices There were limited architectural features – unlike Gothic Style. Entrance/Exit wall has the last judgment scene.

Annunciation, Arena Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy Theatrical sense to this scene on this side we Gabriel in a theatrical pose He is broken in space from Mary The drapery of the clothing indicates the pose he stands in, but almost has a statuesque type structure The figures exist within a three dimensional space.

Annunciation, Arena Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy The hanging cloth appears like a curtain Mary holds a book, a common image, and makes it appear as though Gabriel has interrupted her reading. The light source appears from nowhere and indicates the light of God and Jesus Mary’s crossed arms are indicative of Jesus’ eventual death on the cross.

Crucifixion, Arena Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy Crucifixtion outside on a small sliver of land The angels catch Christ’s blood The arms are stretched from the weight of his body and his head and body seem to hang heavy in space. He is clothed in a sheer cloth which reveals his form Mary Magdaline is at his feet, Mary

Last Judgment, Arena Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy

Justice, Arena Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy

Injustice, Arena Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy

Stigmatization of St. Francis, Exterior of the Bardi Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1317 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Santa Croce, Florence, Italy

Rucellai Madonna Artist: Duccio Date:1285 C.E. Medium: Tempera on Wood Size: 14’9” by 9”6” . Location: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy

Maesta, Sienna Cathedral Artist: Duccio Date:1308-1311 C.E. Medium: Tempera and Gold on Panel Size: 7’ by 13’6”. Location: Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena, Italy

Kiss of Judas, from the Maesta Artist: Duccio Date:1308-1311 C.E. Medium: Tempera on Panel Location: Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena, Italy

Kiss of Judas, Arena Chapel Artist: Giotto Date:1305 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Padua, Italy

Ten minute Response: This work was done in Late Gothic Italy in either Florentine or the Siena Tradition. In which would you place this painting and why?

Score Rubric 4 Student identifies the work as Florentine and gives three substantial reasons for this claim. There are no major errors. 3 Student identifies this as a Florentine and gives two reasons for this claim. 2 Student identifies this work as Florentine but gives only one reason OR Student identifies the work as Sienese and gives some support for the claim. There are no major errors. 1 Student identifes the work as Florentine, but provides no other support Student identifies the work as Sienese, but provides some support for the Florentine school. There may be major errors. The student makes an attempt, but the response is without Merit.

Effects of Good Government in the City and the Country Artist: Ambrogio Lorenzetti Date:1338-1339 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico Siena, Italy

Effects of Good Government in the City and the Country Artist: Ambrogio Lorenzetti Date:1338-1339 C.E. Medium: Fresco Location: Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico Siena, Italy

Saint Louis Altarpiece Artist: Simone Martini Date:1317 C.E. Medium: Tempera on Panel Size: 78.75 by 54.25 inches Location: Galleria Nazionale, Naples, Italy.

Annunciation Artist: Simone Martini Date:1331 C.E. Medium: Tempera and gold leaf on Panel Size: 42.5 by 43.5 Inches Location: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy

Annunciation, from Tres Riches Heurese du Duc de Berry Artist: Limourg Brothers Date:1413-1416 C.E. Medium: Illumination Size: 8.75 by 5.31 Inches Location: Musee Conde, Chantilly, France

January, from Tres Riches Heurese du Duc de Berry Artist: Limourg Brothers Date:1413-1416 C.E. Medium: Illumination Size: 8.75 by 5.31 Inches Location: Musee Conde, Chantilly, France

Pulpit, Pisa Baptistery Artist: Nicola Pisano Date:1259-1260 C.E. Medium: Marble Size: 15ft High. Location: Pisa, Italy - trilobed arches Solomon’s throne (Lion) as a foundation for Jesus' teaching. Still have Gothic elements, but referenced more heavily the Roman style. Roman Columns, arches Gothic is fused with Renaissance

Pulpit, Nativity, Pisa Baptistery Artist: Nicola Pisano Date:1259-1260 C.E. Medium: Marble Size: 15ft High. Location: Pisa, Italy Nativity scene references the Roman images of Venus as a central focus. Around her the midwives was Jesus in a basin Despite the Christian meaning the forms are distinctly Roman

Portal, Chartreuese de Champmol Artist:Claus Sluter Date:1385-1393 C.E. Location: Chartreuse de Champmol, Dijon, Italy

Well of Moses, Chartreuse de Champmol Artist: Claus Sluter Date:1395 C.E. Medium: Painted Stone Size: 23’6” by 23’7” Location: Chartreuse de Champmol, Dijon, Italy