HKIN 425 Child Growth and Development Day 2: September 4, 2014 “Always aim at complete harmony of thought and word and deed” Mahatma Gandhi

Overview Questions from the introduction? Questions from the introduction? Reminders Reminders  MANDATORY “working with children” session on:  Thursday, September 11, in the AUX gym, from 3 – 4:30 p.m.  Friday, September 12, in the AUX gym, from 3 – 4:30 p.m.  Copy of driver’s license or health card on Monday  Tell Angie when your birthdate is … A professor/student that gives 100% … A professor/student that gives 100% … Consider the following … Consider the following … Definitions Definitions Generalizations Generalizations

Consider the following … Females adapt better than males to the external environment (that is everything but genetics), why? Females adapt better than males to the external environment (that is everything but genetics), why?

Definitions

Growth, Maturation, Development Interacting yet distinct processes Occur for ~ first two decades of life

Growth An increase in the size of the body as a whole and of its parts An increase in the size of the body as a whole and of its parts  An incremental process Examples Examples  Increase in size (height, weight, etc.)  Differentiation in structure (physique)  Alteration of form (bone) Often involves differential timing - within (legs vs. torso) and between individuals (maturational differences) Often involves differential timing - within (legs vs. torso) and between individuals (maturational differences) End point differs in each individual – all though each finishes as “fully grown” End point differs in each individual – all though each finishes as “fully grown”

Maturation Progress towards the biologically mature state Progress towards the biologically mature state Examples: Examples:  Primary and permanent dentition  Cartilage  bone  Menarche and other secondary sex characteristics Operational concept Operational concept Common end point … “fully mature” Common end point … “fully mature”

Development Acquisition of behavioural competence – learning appropriate behaviours as expected by society Acquisition of behavioural competence – learning appropriate behaviours as expected by society  Culture specific The process by which children and adolescents learn to behave in culturally appropriate ways The process by which children and adolescents learn to behave in culturally appropriate ways Difficult to measure; difficult to identify Difficult to measure; difficult to identify

Growth vs. Development Growth size size structural structural easily measured easily measured  height  weight  hormone levels  etc. Development complexity and process (culturally appropriate behaviours) functional difficult to measure  neuromuscular control  skill  social behaviours  etc

Development always follows growth Function follows structure

Adaptation The body’s accommodation to the immediate environment (external processes) The body’s accommodation to the immediate environment (external processes) Also occurs beyond the ‘growth’ period Also occurs beyond the ‘growth’ period Examples: Examples:  Antibodies in response to infection  Lean body mass and/or bone in response to training  Reduced growth in height in response to second hand smoke  Reduced overall growth due to malnutrition

Human Growth Characteristics Of the primates, humans are the longest growing Of the primates, humans are the longest growing  25% of lifespan Long period of infant dependency Long period of infant dependency Extended childhood growth Extended childhood growth Rapid growth at adolescence Rapid growth at adolescence Intensity of growth spurt Intensity of growth spurt

Advantages of Human Growth Extended period for brain development Extended period for brain development  Time to acquire survival skills  Time to develop social and cultural patterns  Time to increase capacity for fine motor skills, coordination, etc. Early neurological maturity vs. late sexual maturity Early neurological maturity vs. late sexual maturity

Growth Generalizations Pattern of growth - every child passes through the same stages Pattern of growth - every child passes through the same stages Tempo and timing – varies for each child Tempo and timing – varies for each child  tempo = rate = how fast  timing = when = at what age?

Growth Generalizations Correlations between various aspects of growth (growth, maturation, development, adaptation) Correlations between various aspects of growth (growth, maturation, development, adaptation)  Simultaneous  Interaction Genetics Genetics Environment Environment

Growth Generalizations Physical Changes with Development kind - sperm and ovum kind - sperm and ovum number - dentition number - dentition size - growth spurt(s) size - growth spurt(s) shape - body proportion shape - body proportion position - elbow and knee; sway back position - elbow and knee; sway back

Growth Generalizations Physical Changes with Development colour - hair colour - hair texture - skin texture - skin function - sphincter function - sphincter composition - fat composition - fat timing - growth spurt(s) timing - growth spurt(s)

Growth Generalizations Cephalocaudal rule – growth from head to feet (head  trunk  legs) Cephalocaudal rule – growth from head to feet (head  trunk  legs) Proximodistal rule – distal parts of limbs in advance of proximal segments Proximodistal rule – distal parts of limbs in advance of proximal segments Center  Periphery Center  Periphery * Remember growth happens everywhere, this simply refers to differential timing

Definitions Neonatal: birth to end of 4th week Neonatal: birth to end of 4th week Infancy: 5th week to end of 1st year Infancy: 5th week to end of 1st year Childhood: Childhood:  Early: 2-6 years  Middle: 7-10 years  Late: pre-pubertal

Definitions Adolescence: onset of puberty to maturity Adolescence: onset of puberty to maturity Adulthood: Adulthood:  Prime: years  Old age: 65 + years

Growth and Development Somewhat more recently a field of study (compared to other fields in Kinesiology) Somewhat more recently a field of study (compared to other fields in Kinesiology)  Objective measurement techniques Crosses many disciplines Crosses many disciplines AUXOLOGY AUXOLOGY