Boundless Lecture Slides Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform

Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Get started now at: If you have any questions or problems please

Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com.boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at About Boundless

Predisposing Factors Disease Development Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics Infectious Disease Transmission Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory Finding Patient Zero and Tracking Diseases Disease Patterns Epidemiology > Disease Patterns Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at medium=direct&utm_source=boundless

Some predisposing factors of contracting infectious diseases can be anatomical, genetic, general and disease specific. Climate and weather, and other environmental factors that are affected by them, can also predispose people to infectious agents. Other factors such as overall health, age and diet are important considerations in the prevention of spreading infectious diseases. Predisposing Factors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at /epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/predisposing-factors ?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Global map of Seasonal Influenza View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

The first phase is characterized by complete lack or very few symptoms. As the pathogen starts to reproduce actively, the symptoms intensify. Bacterial and viral infections can both cause the same kinds of symptoms but there are some differences too. The last phases are characterized by decline in symptoms severity until their disappearance. However, even if the patients recover and return to normal, they may continue to be a source of infection. Disease Development Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at /epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/disease-development ?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Symptoms of tuberculosis View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

Often the natural reservoirs for a human infectious disease are animals such as bats for SARS and rats for plague. Some diseases have no non-human reservoirs: poliomyelitis and smallpox are prominent examples. The natural reservoir of some diseases remains unknown. In epidemiology, an epidemic occurs when new cases of a certain disease, in a given human population, and during a given period, substantially exceed what is expected based on recent experience. An epidemic may be restricted to one location; however, if it spreads to other countries or continents and affects a substantial number of people, it may be termed a pandemic. There are two types of epidemic outbreak: (1) In a common source outbreak, the affected individuals had exposure to a common agent. (2) In a propagated outbreak, the disease spreads person-to-person. Disease Reservoirs and Epidemics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at /epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/disease-reservoirs-and-epidemics ?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Spread of H1N1 in Europe, 2009 View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

Infectious organisms may be transmitted either by direct or indirect contact. Transmission may occur through several different mechanisms. Transmission of infectious diseases may also involve a vector. Vectors may be mechanical or biological. Pathogens can also be transmitted horizontally or vertically. Infectious Disease Transmission Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at /epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/infectious-disease-transmission ?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Washing Hands View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

Ecological competence is the ability of an organism, often a pathogen, to survive and compete in new habitats. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. In most cases, microorganisms live in harmony with their hosts via mutual or commensal interactions. Diseases can emerge when existing parasites become pathogenic or when new pathogenic parasites enter a new host. Ecology, Epidemiology, and Evolution of Pathogens Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at /epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/ecology-epidemiology-and-evolution-of-pathogens ?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless The Black Death of the 14th century View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

The CDC categorizes various diseases in levels of biohazard: Level 1 being minimum risk and Level 4 being extreme risk. BSL-1 lab is used to perform research mostly on noninfectious microbes using standard equipment and routine lab safety procedures. BSL-2 work is performed with bacteria and viruses that cause only mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting. Safety regulations are stricter. In a BSL-3 setting, the work is with bacteria and viruses that can cause severe to fatal disease in humans, but for which vaccines or other treatments exist. The laboratory has special engineering and design features. BSL-4 level is mandatory for research on viruses and bacteria that cause severe to fatal disease in humans, and for which no vaccines or treatments are available. The use of a positive-pressure personnel suit is mandatory as well as many additional safety measures of the labs. Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at /epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/safety-in-the-microbiology-laboratory ?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_sourc e=boundless Biohazard symbol View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

The index or primary case is the initial patient in the population of an epidemiological investigation. It may indicate the source of the disease, the possible spread, and which reservoir holds the disease in-between outbreaks. In the early years of the AIDS epidemic, there was controversy about a so-called Patient Zero, who was the basis of a complex transmission scenario. Other prominent "Patient Zeroes" include Typhoid Mary. Finding Patient Zero and Tracking Diseases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at /epidemiology-15/disease-patterns-172/finding-patient-zero-and-tracking-diseases ?campaign_content=book_5777_section_172&campaign_term=Microbiology&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source =boundless Typhoid Mary poster View on Boundless.com Epidemiology > Disease Patterns

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Appendix

Key terms "Patient Zero" A term used to refer to the index case in the spread of HIV in North America. aerosolized Dispersed as an aerosol; particulate. biohazards Biological substances that pose a threat to the health of living organisms, especially humans. Chronic granulomatous disease Also known as CGD, is a diverse group of genetic diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (most importantly, the superoxide radical) used to kill certain ingested pathogens. This leads to the formation of granulomata (a special type of inflammation) in many organs. clinical latency The period for which an infection is subclinical. common source outbreak a type of epidemic outbreak where the affected individuals had an exposure to a common agent. cystic fibrosis Cystic fibrosis (also known as CF or mucoviscidosis) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that affects most critically the lungs, and also the pancreas, liver and intestine. It is characterized by abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across an epithelium, leading to thick, viscous secretions. ecological competence The ability of an organism, often a pathogen, to survive and compete in new habitats. epidemiology The branch of a science dealing with the spread and control of diseases, computer viruses, concepts, etc., throughout populations or systems. fomite An inanimate object capable of carrying infectious agents (such as bacteria, viruses and parasites), and thus passively enabling their transmission between hosts. pandemic A disease that hits a wide geographical area and affects a large proportion of the population. propagated outbreak a type of epidemic outbreak where the disease spreads person-to-person. Affected individuals may become independent reservoirs leading to further exposures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology

subclinical Of a disease or injury, without signs and symptoms that are detectable by physical examination or laboratory test; not clinically manifest. vector A carrier of a disease-causing agent. viral latency A form of viral dormancy in which the virus does not replicate at all. virulence The degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of parasites as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host and it is determined by virulence factors. zoonose Infectious diseases transmitted between different species of animals, usually from a vertebrate animal to a human Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology

BSL-4 hazmat suit A researcher in a protective suit working with the Ebola virus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia. "Biosafety level 4 hazmat suit." Public domain View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biosafety_level_4_hazmat_suit.jpgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

Typhoid Mary poster Typhoid carrier. Food pollution. "In this manner the famous 'Typhoid Mary' infected family after family. " Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Typhoid carrier polluting food - a poster." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Typhoid_carrier_polluting_food_-_a_poster.jpgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

Symptoms of tuberculosis Some of the symptoms are very specific for the disease while others are more general and can be caused by other pathogens. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia. "Tuberculosis symptoms." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tuberculosis_symptoms.pngView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

Spread of H1N1 in Europe, 2009 The World Health Organization declared the new flu strain H1N1 as a pandemic in June Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia. "Spread of Swine Flu in Europe." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spread_of_Swine_Flu_in_Europe.svgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

Global map of Seasonal Influenza Seasonal risk areas: November–April (blue), April–November (red), and year-round (yellow) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Influenza Seasonal Risk Areas." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Influenza_Seasonal_Risk_Areas.svgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

Washing Hands Washing hands with soap and clean water (for at least 20 seconds) is the most effective measure to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "OCD handwash." Public domain View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OCD_handwash.jpgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

Biohazard symbol The international symbol used to label biohazards. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikipedia. "Biohazard symbol." Public domain View on Boundless.comPublic domainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biohazard_symbol.svgView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

The Black Death of the 14th century An animation of the plague that spread through the world during the pandemic in the 14th century. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Wikimedia. "Spread-Of-The-Black-Death." CC BY-SA View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gifView on Boundless.com Epidemiology

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology Which of the following are predisposing factors that increase the spread and severity of an infectious disease? A) Malnutrition B) Immunosuppression C) Climate D) All of the choices

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology Which of the following are predisposing factors that increase the spread and severity of an infectious disease? A) Malnutrition B) Immunosuppression C) Climate D) All of the choices

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology Which of the following statements describes the acute period of disease stages? A) The infectious agents are actively replicating and peak in a short period of time B) The number of infectious agents start increasing C) The individual experiences non-specific symptoms D) The individual gradually returns to normal but continues to be a source of infection

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology Which of the following statements describes the acute period of disease stages? A) The infectious agents are actively replicating and peak in a short period of time B) The number of infectious agents start increasing C) The individual experiences non-specific symptoms D) The individual gradually returns to normal but continues to be a source of infection

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology In a group of individuals exposed to a pathogenic bacterium long- term, they become affected and develop the disease all within the same time period. This is considered to be a: A) common source outbreak, specifically an intermittent outbreak B) common source outbreak, specifically a continuous outbreak C) common source outbreak D) propagated outbreak

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology In a group of individuals exposed to a pathogenic bacterium long- term, they become affected and develop the disease all within the same time period. This is considered to be a: A) common source outbreak, specifically an intermittent outbreak B) common source outbreak, specifically a continuous outbreak C) common source outbreak D) propagated outbreak

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology If a pathogen can remain long-term in a specific host without the host getting the disease or remaining asymptomatic, this is referred to as the: A) natural carrier B) natural reservoir C) disease carrier D) disease vector

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology If a pathogen can remain long-term in a specific host without the host getting the disease or remaining asymptomatic, this is referred to as the: A) natural carrier B) natural reservoir C) disease carrier D) disease vector

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology An infectious disease causing bacterium requires an arthropod host to continue its life cycle. Once the life cycle is complete, the bacterium enters an infective stage and is transmitted to another host. This type of transmission can be described: A) as transmission via a mechanical vector B) as transmission via a biological vector C) as transmission via fecal-oral transmission D) as transmission via vertical transmission

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology An infectious disease causing bacterium requires an arthropod host to continue its life cycle. Once the life cycle is complete, the bacterium enters an infective stage and is transmitted to another host. This type of transmission can be described: A) as transmission via a mechanical vector B) as transmission via a biological vector C) as transmission via fecal-oral transmission D) as transmission via vertical transmission

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology Fill in the blank. An infectious disease that is readily transmitted between living hosts is known as a(n) _____________ disease. Choose one answer. A) Idiopathic B) Neoplastic C) Congenital D) Communicable

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Saylor OER. "Biology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY BY 3.0http:// Epidemiology Fill in the blank. An infectious disease that is readily transmitted between living hosts is known as a(n) _____________ disease. Choose one answer. A) Idiopathic B) Neoplastic C) Congenital D) Communicable

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology The environmental changes occurring that are imposed by humans have huge impacts on pathogenic evolution and infection to human hosts. A major impact includes: A) the establishment of new symbiotic relationships and coevolution of pathogens and host B) the jumping of pathogens from nonhuman to human hosts C) all of the choices D) the pressure exerted on the parasite to increase virulence to outcompete new parasites for hosts

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology The environmental changes occurring that are imposed by humans have huge impacts on pathogenic evolution and infection to human hosts. A major impact includes: A) the establishment of new symbiotic relationships and coevolution of pathogens and host B) the jumping of pathogens from nonhuman to human hosts C) all of the choices D) the pressure exerted on the parasite to increase virulence to outcompete new parasites for hosts

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology A scientist working in a research lab must ensure all supplies and equipment are properly working, including the biological safety cabinets, radiochemical hoods and all protective gear. She possibly works in a: A) biohazard level 1 lab B) biohazard level 2 or 3 lab C) biohazard level 2 lab D) biohazard level 3 lab

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology A scientist working in a research lab must ensure all supplies and equipment are properly working, including the biological safety cabinets, radiochemical hoods and all protective gear. She possibly works in a: A) biohazard level 1 lab B) biohazard level 2 or 3 lab C) biohazard level 2 lab D) biohazard level 3 lab

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology In terms of disease tracking in epidemiology studies, Typhoid Mary is an example of: A) a secondary case B) a tertiary case C) an original case D) an index case

Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Epidemiology In terms of disease tracking in epidemiology studies, Typhoid Mary is an example of: A) a secondary case B) a tertiary case C) an original case D) an index case

Attribution Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wikipedia. "Ecological competence." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_competence Wikipedia. "Epidemiology." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology Wikipedia. "Optimal virulence." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_virulence Wikipedia. "Virulence." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wikipedia. "virulence." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/virulence Wikipedia. "zoonose." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/zoonose Wikipedia. "ecological competence." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ecological%20competence Wikipedia. "Gaëtan Dugas." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%25C3%25ABtan_Dugas Wikipedia. "Mary Mallon." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Mallon Wiktionary. "epidemiology." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epidemiology Wikipedia. "Patient Zero." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient%20Zero Wikipedia. "Index case." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_case Wikipedia. "Biological hazards." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_hazards Wikipedia. "Biosafety level." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosafety_level Wikipedia. "biohazards." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/biohazards Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology

Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wikipedia. "Immunosuppression." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunosuppression Wikipedia. "Risk factors for tuberculosis." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_factors_for_tuberculosis Wikipedia. "Immunodeficiency." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunodeficiency Wikipedia. "Urinary tract infection." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection Wikipedia. "Influenza." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza Wikipedia. "Cystic fibrosis." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis Wikipedia. "Chronic granulomatous disease." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic%20granulomatous%20disease Wiktionary. "cystic fibrosis." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cystic+fibrosis Wikipedia. "Epidemic." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic Wikipedia. "Natural reservoir." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_reservoir Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http:// Wiktionary. "pandemic." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pandemic Wikipedia. "Incubation period." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubation_period Wikipedia. "Acute infection." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_infection#Primary_and_secondary Wikipedia. "Prodrome." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrome Wikipedia. "Window period." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window_period Wikipedia. "Convalescence." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convalescence Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology

Wikipedia. "clinical latency." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/clinical%20latency Wiktionary. "subclinical." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subclinical Wikipedia. "viral latency." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/viral%20latency Wikipedia. "Epidemic." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemic Wikipedia. "Infection." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection Wikipedia. "Infectious disease." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_disease Wiktionary. "vector." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vector Wiktionary. "fomite." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fomite Wiktionary. "aerosolized." CC BY-SA BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aerosolized Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at Epidemiology