PSYCHOPATHOLOGY OF CHILDREN AND FAMILY WEEK 2 CHAPTER 1 CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY The nervous system The nervous systemNeuron Cell body DendritesAxon Axon Terminal NeurotransmittersSynapse

Excesses or deficiencies of neurotransmitters have been linked to various kind of mental health problem Excesses or deficiencies of neurotransmitters have been linked to various kind of mental health problem Excesses and deficiencies of neurotransmitter norepinephrine have been connected with mood disorders Excesses and deficiencies of neurotransmitter norepinephrine have been connected with mood disorders Neurotransmitter acetylcholine related to Alzheimer's disease Neurotransmitter acetylcholine related to Alzheimer's disease Serotonin linked to various psychological disorders including anxiety disorders, mood disorders and eating disorders Serotonin linked to various psychological disorders including anxiety disorders, mood disorders and eating disorders

PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVES The Structure of the Mind Conscious mind Conscious mind Preconscious mind Preconscious mind Unconscious mind Unconscious mind

The Structure of Personality Id Id - the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression - the repository of our baser drives and instinctual impulses including hunger, thirst, sex and aggression - pleasure principle – the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct

Ego Freud’s term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (superego) and instinctual need (id) Freud’s term for the part of the personality that mediates between environmental demands (reality), conscience (superego) and instinctual need (id) Reality principle – the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world Reality principle – the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world

Superego - the social and parental standards the individual has internalized; the conscience and ego ideal - Ego ideal – the part of the superego that consists of standards of what one would like to be

Stages of Psychosexual Development Oral Stage (birth to 18 months) First stage of Freud’s theory of personality development, in which the infant’s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips and tongue. First stage of Freud’s theory of personality development, in which the infant’s erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips and tongue. Anal Stage (roughly 18 months to 3 ½ years) Second stage of Freud’s theory of personality development in which a child’s erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination Second stage of Freud’s theory of personality development in which a child’s erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination Phallic Stage (after age 3) Third stage of Freud’s theory of personality development in which erotic feelings center on the genitals Third stage of Freud’s theory of personality development in which erotic feelings center on the genitals Oedipus complex and Electra complex – a child’s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage Oedipus complex and Electra complex – a child’s sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage

Latency Period (5 to 13 years old) The child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage The child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage Genital Stage Final stage of normal adult sexual development which is normally marked by mature sexuality Final stage of normal adult sexual development which is normally marked by mature sexuality

Psychodynamic Perspectives on Normality and Abnormality Normal as well abnormal people are driven by the irrational drives of the id Normal as well abnormal people are driven by the irrational drives of the id Normality - balance of energy among the psychic structures of id, ego and superego. Normality - balance of energy among the psychic structures of id, ego and superego. Abnormality – the balance of energy is lopsided Abnormality – the balance of energy is lopsided

LEARNING PERSPECTIVES Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning - Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) - A response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neural stimulus Unconditioned stimulus (US) - stimulus that invariably causes an organism to response in specific way

Unconditioned response (UR) - A response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occur Conditioned stimulus (CS) - An originally neural stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone Conditioned response (CR) - After conditioning, the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented

Before Conditioning Bell No Response US (food) UR (Salivation During Conditioning CS (Bell) –Followed by- US (Food) UR (Salivation) After Conditioning CS (Bell) CR (Salivation)

Operant Conditioning Operant Conditioning involves the acquisition of behaviors called operant behaviors that are emitted by the organism and that operate upon or manipulate the environment to produce certain effects. Operant behaviors Behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or avoid something unpleasant

Reinforcer - A stimulus that follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated Punisher - A stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated Positive Reinforcer - Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur Negative Reinforcer - Any event whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur

Social Cognitive Theory Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions without firsthand experience by learner Example – phobias may be learned vicariously by observing the fearful reactions of others in real life

HUMANISTIC-EXISTENTIAL PERSPECTIVES Carl Roger, Abraham Maslow Carl Roger, Abraham Maslow Self Actualization Self Actualization - to strive to become all they are capable of being To understand abnormal behavior in the humanistic view, we need to understand the roadblocks that people encounter in striving for self actualization and authenticity

COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVES Information processing approach Information processing approach storage, retrieval, manipulation, and output - psychological disorders – disturbance of these processes ABC approach ABC approach Catastrophic Thinking Catastrophic Thinking

Aaron Beck proposed 4 basic types of cognitive errors that contribute to emotional distress: Aaron Beck proposed 4 basic types of cognitive errors that contribute to emotional distress: 1. Selective Abstraction 2. Overgeneralization 3. Magnification 4. Absolutist thinking

SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES Poverty, social decay, discrimination, lack of economy opportunity Poverty, social decay, discrimination, lack of economy opportunity

LEVEL OF ANALYSIS The biological perspective adopts a physiological level of analysis. It examines the role that biochemical processes such as imbalances in brain chemistry may play in the development of psychological disorders The biological perspective adopts a physiological level of analysis. It examines the role that biochemical processes such as imbalances in brain chemistry may play in the development of psychological disorders The learning perspective adopts a behavioral level of analysis. It focuses on how our behavior is shaped by learning experiences. The learning perspective adopts a behavioral level of analysis. It focuses on how our behavior is shaped by learning experiences.

The humanistic existential perspective adopts a phenomenological vantage point. It explores people’s subjective experiences The humanistic existential perspective adopts a phenomenological vantage point. It explores people’s subjective experiences The cognitive perspective focuses on the role of dysfunctional thinking patterns in psychological disorders such as irrational belief The cognitive perspective focuses on the role of dysfunctional thinking patterns in psychological disorders such as irrational belief The psychodynamic perspective probes the unconscious motives and conflicts that believed to underlie psychological disorders The psychodynamic perspective probes the unconscious motives and conflicts that believed to underlie psychological disorders The socio-cultural perspective focuses psychological disorders in the context of the larger society. The socio-cultural perspective focuses psychological disorders in the context of the larger society.