The Age of Limited Warfare: “Total” versus “limited” war Changes Context Louis XIV, master of Limited warfare

Total Warfare Removal of moral and cultural limits Modern weaponry, bureaucracy, capabilities Militarization of civilian institutions 0-15% 15-33% 33-50% >50%

Change from Total to Limited Warfare Contexts –Enlightenment –Political centralization –Gunpowder weapons What is changing?

Early Firearms: The Flintlock Introduced in the 17th century Could be used in inclement weather Standard infantry weapon of the 18th century

Vauban-style fortress

The Rise of Prussia King Frederick William I ( ) –Recruited obscure noblemen as officers –Recruitment districts (“cantonal system”) –Central national administration Army from 40K to 83K King Frederick William II (The Great; ) –Strengthened bureaucracy Army from 83K to 140K Large treasury surplus

Prussian Military Advances Comprehensive approach to training –Drill, religion, group loyalties, punishment Officers authorized execution power Prussians PERFORMED in battle Standardized drill, 1714 Cadence introduced, 1740 Officer schools introduced, 1717 –3 year study for 13-year-olds –Produced 1/3 of Prussian officers

Warfare in the 18 th Century Change to artillery and small arms Fortifications and naval power Standing armies of disciplined soldiers led by noblemen Magazine system England's King George III

Terms to Know Louis XIV Vauban Limited War Standing Army Magazine System Total War Seven Years’ War Central Position Frederick the Great Prussia