 V = verb: action verb or linking verb  S = subject: noun or pronoun performing the action  Appositive = a noun or noun phrase that explains, identifies, or redefines another noun close by › NOTE: Appositives do not have subjects or verbs

Step 1: Cross out any prepositional phrases. Step 2: Look for possible nouns or phrases that rename another noun close by. -Be sure the phrase does not contain a subject or verb -underline the appositive and draw an arrow to the noun it is renaming Step 3: Find the verbs. -Underline the complete verb twice in each part Step 4: Ask “who or what is (insert verb)?” -The answer to this question is the subject. -Underline the subject once in each part. Step 5: If the appositive starts the sentence, place a comma after it. If the appositive comes in the middle of the sentence, surround it with commas. S, appositive, V or Appositive, SV

Mary, my best friend, lives in Colorado. The owner of the store, Mr. Shopps has expanded his inventory. Step 1: Cross out prepositional phrases. IN COLORADO (IN= preposition) OF THE STORE (OF=preposition) Step2: Look for a noun or noun phrase renaming another noun. MY BEST FRIEND THE OWNER OF THE STORE Step 3: Find the action. LIVES/HAS EXPANDED(verb) -Underline these words twice. Step 4: Who or what “lives” and “has expanded”? MARY/MR. SHOPPS(subject) -Underline these words once. Step 5: Is the appositive at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence? PROPERLY PLACE COMMAS PATTERN F: S, Appositive, V Appositive, SV

 V = verb: action verb or linking verb  S = subject: noun or pronoun performing the action  Participial Phrase = can begin with either past or present participials › Present Participle end in “ing” › Past Participle end in “ed,” “t,” or “n” NOTE: make sure the participial phrase is followed by the noun/pronoun it describes

Guarding us with their weapons, the heavily armed soldiers looked ominous. Step 1: Does a participial phrase start the sentence? YES Step 2: Place a comma after the participial phrase.

 Copy the following sentences. Cross out the prepositional phrases, underline the subject once and the verb twice. Write the pattern next to the sentence. › 1. Working through the night, the boy finished his paper › 2. The king, known for his generosity, spared him his life › 3. The winner of the pageant, Miss Kansas smiled triumphantly