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Perception  Selective Attention focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus  Implications for driving and talking on cell phone?

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Selective Attention zCocktail Party Effect yAbility to attend to one voice among many

Inattentional Blindness zInattentional blindness – failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere zhttp://viscog.beckman.uiuc.edu/grafs/de mos/15.htmlhttp://viscog.beckman.uiuc.edu/grafs/de mos/15.html

Change Blindness Change deafness z40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of words failed to notice a change in the person speaking Change blindness – failing to notice a visual change when our attention is directed elsewhere

Choice Blindness z Choice Blindness 2005 Study - Select the girl you find more attractive Given the girl they did not choose and asked to explain why they chose. 13% noticed, the rest explained in detail. z Choice-Blindness Blindness yWhen asked, given a hypothetical study in which we switched them on you, would you notice? – 84% said yes.

Pop-Out Phenomenon z A distinct stimulus draws our eye zExample: Name being said during cocktail party

Perceptual Illusions Other Perceptual Illusions

Perceptual Illusions

 Visual Capture  tendency for vision to dominate the other senses  Movie theater – we perceive sounds as coming from the screen in front of us, not from the projector behind us

Perceptual Organization: Gestalt zGestalt: an organized whole yGestalt Psychology: emphasizes our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

Perceptual Organization  Figure and Ground--organization of the visual field into objects (figures) that stand out from their surroundings (ground)

Perceptual Organization: Gestalt  Grouping  the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups  Grouping Principles  proximity--group nearby figures together  similarity--group figures that are similar  continuity--perceive continuous patterns  closure--fill in gaps  connectedness--spots, lines, and areas are seen as unit when connected  Simplicity – perceive objects in simplest forms

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PerceptualOrganization: Grouping Principles  Gestalt grouping principles are at work here.

Reification (Gestalt Property) zobject is perceived as having more spatial information than is actually present in the original stimulus