Chapter 11, Sec. 2 Conflicts Over Land

Moving Native Americans  1830’s—U.S. expanding westward.  Many Native Americans stilled lived in eastern part of country.  Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, & Florida lived the:  “________________________________”  Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw.  Were part of successful farming societies!  Few Americans wanted to move west of Miss. River b/c it was unsuitable for farming:  Too dry!  Few white Americans lived there.  Many wanted federal govt. to __________ Native Americans west of Miss. River.  Relocate—_________________________________________.  Even __________________ supported settlers’ demand for Native American land.

Indian Removal Act  1830—Congress passed _____________________.  Would allow federal govt. to pay N.A. to move west.  President Jackson sent officials to negotiate treaties w/N.A. of the Southeast.  1834—present-day Oklahoma, Congress created __________________.  Cherokee Nation refused to give up land.  Treaties of 1790’s allowed Cherokee to be independent nation w/their own laws.  Georgia didn’t see it this way.  Cherokee sued state govt.  Went to Supreme Court = ______________________.  Chief Justice John Marshall ruled:  Georgia didn’t have right to interfere w/Cherokee.  Only Federal Govt. had authority involving affairs w/Cherokee.  Jackson supported Georgia to remove Cherokee.

Trail of Tears  Jackson would ignore Sup. Ct. ruling and said:  “John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it!”  1835 –few Cherokee signed treaty to give up land, but  Most of 17,000 didn’t honor treaty.  Instead, they wrote a letter to govt.  Letter did not help: ______________________ led 7000 troops to remove Cherokee from their land!  Scott said he would use force, unless they left quietly.  Cherokee knew if they fought back, it would lead to their demise.  Filled w/sadness and anger, they began marching west.  Brutal weather claimed thousands of lives.  Their journey became known as the _______________________. _______________________.

Native American Resistance  1832—Sauk chieftain _________________ led force of Sauk and Fox people back to their homeland in Illinois.  IL state militia & federal troops slaughtered most as they tried to flee.  _______________ people successfully resisted removal.  Chief of Seminole people, _________, refused to leave ___________.  Decided to go to war against U.S.  1835—joined forces with group of African Americans trying to escape slavery.  Attacked white settlements by coast using ________________.  One attack, Seminoles attacked Major Francis ______.  110 soldiers survived & pressured govt. for more troops & equip.  1842—govt. gave up & allowed Seminole to remain in Florida.

Results of Resistance  1842—Scattered N.A. groups lived east of Miss. River.  N.A. gave up over 100 million acres.  Received about $68 million and 32 million acres west of Miss. River.  Lived by tribe on reservations on eastern half of present-day Oklahoma!  Five Civilized Tribes relocated here.  These would face white intrusion later on.