Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera (1763) One of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in 1700s North America. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection ) Spanish Imperialism: The Means united state under Ferdinand & Isabella united state under Ferdinand & Isabella end of Christian-Islamic warfare end of Christian-Islamic warfare Africa becomes a source of cheap labor Africa becomes a source of cheap labor long-range navigation developed by Portugal long-range navigation developed by Portugal

Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera (1763) One of the few extant depictions of a mixed-race family in 1700s North America. The Spanish father and Indian mother have produced a mestiza daughter. Families such as this would have been frequently seen in New Mexico as well. (Private Collection ) Spanish Imperialism: The Motive rivalry and advantage of the Portuguese rivalry and advantage of the Portuguese desire for cheaper trade routes to Asia (Southwest Passage) desire for cheaper trade routes to Asia (Southwest Passage) spices and luxuries spices and luxuries profit (Cities of Gold) profit (Cities of Gold) Renaissance ideal of learning and adventure (Fountain of Youth) Renaissance ideal of learning and adventure (Fountain of Youth) spread Catholicism spread Catholicism

Armada Portrait of Elizabeth I (1588) This portrait, painted when Elizabeth was 55 years old, shows the queen at the peak of her power. Through the left window, we can see Elizabeth's naval fleet; through the right one, we witness the Spanish Armada sinking in the stormy Atlantic. (By kind permission of the Marquess of Tavistock and Trustees of the Bedford Estate) English Imperialism: The Means defeat of Spanish Armada defeat of Spanish Armada Spanish overextension Spanish overextension strong, unified state under popular monarch strong, unified state under popular monarch measure of religious unity measure of religious unity vibrant sense of nationalism & national destiny vibrant sense of nationalism & national destiny treaty of peace with Spain (1604) treaty of peace with Spain (1604) development of joint- stock company development of joint- stock company

Jamestown skeleton In 1996, archeologists working at Jamestown uncovered this skeleton of a young man they nicknamed "JR." JR was a European male, 5' 6" tall, between the ages of 19 and 22. We know that he bled to death from a bullet wound in his leg, but we don't know the circumstances of his death. (Kenneth K. Lyons/Newport News Daily Press) English Imperialism: The Motive promote Protestantism promote Protestantism plunder Spanish ships and settlements plunder Spanish ships and settlements contempt for savage natives nurtured in the Irish struggle contempt for savage natives nurtured in the Irish struggle glory for the home country glory for the home country mushrooming population in England mushrooming population in England economic depression in woolen districts economic depression in woolen districts laws that disinherit middle sons laws that disinherit middle sons thirst for adventure and religious freedom thirst for adventure and religious freedom Northwest Passage Northwest Passage

View of Quebec, 1699, showing Canadian Indians (National Archives of Canada) French Imperialism: The Motive promote Catholicism promote Catholicism rivalry with English in Europe creates competition abroad rivalry with English in Europe creates competition abroad desire for profit to grow economy at home (fur trade) desire for profit to grow economy at home (fur trade) glory for the home country glory for the home country thirst for adventure thirst for adventure Northwest Passage Northwest Passage French Imperialism: The Means early land claims by the French in the Great Lakes region (Verrazano, Cartier, Champlain) early land claims by the French in the Great Lakes region (Verrazano, Cartier, Champlain) relatively little competition in far north from other colonists relatively little competition in far north from other colonists relatively good Indian relations relatively good Indian relations