Chapter 1 Toward Civilization (Prehistory-3000 BC)

Section 1:Understanding Our Past Prehistory- the time before people invented writing Historians- Study how people lived in the past Archaeology- science that helps us learn about our past –Artifacts: things such as tools weapons and clothing that early people left behind Geography- Study of Earth, it’s people and it’s resources

Place The Five Themes of Geography Region The Human Story Human-environment interaction Location Movement 1

To learn how places affect the way people live and how they move from place to place To learn how events happened To learn about the beliefs and activities of a group of people Why do they do it? Study where people lived and why they lived there Study artifacts, especially written documents Study artifacts, such as tools, weapons, clothing, and pottery What do they do? Study of Earth, its people and its resources -Geographers Study of what happened and how people lived in the past. -Historians Study of early people by what examining things they left behind. -Archaeologists What is it and who does it? GeographyHistoryArchaeology Learning About the Past

Section 2: The Dawn of History During the Old Stone Age, people lived as nomads, in small hunting and food gathering groups. These people: -made simple tools and weapons out of stone, bone, or wood; -developed a spoken language; -invented clothing; -used caves and rocky overhangs for shelter; -learned to build fires for warmth and cooking.

Early people left evidence of their belief in a spiritual world. Stone statues are believed to have had religious meaning. Statues of pregnant women suggest that early people worshiped earth-mother goddesses. Animism is the belief that the world Is full of spirits and forces that might reside in animals, objects, or dream Cave paintings may have been part of animist religious rituals. Early people began burying their dead with care, suggesting a belief in life after death. They provided the dead with tools and weapons for the afterlife.

The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution PEOPLE BEFOREPEOPLE AFTER Learned to farm and were able to produce their own food. Settled into permanent villages. Learned to domesticate, or tame, animals. Relied on hunting and gathering. Nomads lived in small hunting and food-gathering groups. Waited for migrating animals to return each year.

Section 3: Beginnings Of Civilization What Are the Basic Features of Civilizations? Farmers began cultivating lands along river valleys and producing surplus, or extra, food. Surpluses helped populations expand. As populations grew, some villages swelled into cities.

What Are the Basic Features of Civilizations? A civilization is a complex, highly organized social order. Historians distinguish eight basic features found in most early civilizations: 7. Public works 6. Arts and architecture 5. Social classes 4. Job specialization 3. Complex religions 2. Well-organized central governments 1. Cities 8. Writing

Civilizations Spread and Change Civilizations spread when ancient rulers gained more power and conquered territories beyond the boundaries of their cities. Interactions among people also cause cultures to change. Powerful rulers created city-states and empires. Civilizations change when the physical environment changes. An empire is a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler. A city-state included a city and its surrounding lands and villages. Example: A tremendous volcano may have wiped out Minoan civilization. Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one people to another. Cultural diffusion occurred through migration, trade, and warfare.