CMH Unit 1 TEKS 1,C; 4, C

Identify societal perspectives related to mental health Examine designated scope of practice of professionals

Bones found through archaeological evidence have shown that holes were drilled into skulls, called trepanation. Done to let evil spirits out

Treatments for the mentally disturbed consisted of rituals, potions, and even exorcisms carried out by priests, magicians, and medicine men. Today, many drugs exist to assist with all types of psychological disorders.

Ancient Greece  People thought the mentally ill had been punished by the gods for doing something wrong and ceremonies were used as treatment for possession.

Socrates and Plato  Known for the “Know thyself” advice which suggests we can learn a lot about ourselves by examining our thoughts and feelings, or looking within which is called introspection.

Aristotle  Greek philosopher  Responsible for the laws of associationism, a learned condition between two ideas or events, which are still in use today.

Hippocrates (“father of medicine”)  Collected data and conducted experiments to show that disease was a natural process.  Proposed that mental disorders were brought about by abnormalities of the brain and an imbalance of four body fluids – blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile.  He believed that an excess of black bile resulted in depression or melancholy.

Renaissance  Brought about beliefs in witchcraft and demonic possession and were thought to be the cause of insanity.  There were several popular treatments such as persecution, starvation, restraints, beatings, and even drowning.

Colonial  People who were mentally ill were often accused of being witches and of witchcraft.

1500’s  Institutions were built to house the mentally ill  They had deplorable living conditions with filthy rooms.  The mentally ill were subjected to public beatings as treatment.

Saint Mary’s of Bethlehem  Famous asylum in London  Nicknamed “Bedlam” due to its poor living conditions  means a state of uproar, confusion, chaos and anarchy

1600’s & 1700’s  Led to the beginning of modern psychiatry  Stated ideas about human behavior should be supported by science Phillipe Pinel  Introduced a new concept of exercise, fresh air, and clean environment for the mentally ill

Dorothy Dix  An American school teacher  Persuaded state officials to provide funding for improved asylums, schools, and prisons

Emil Kraeplin  German psychiatrist  Developed a system for diagnosing a classifying mental illness  Made distinctions between schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis that remain valid today.

Construct a timeline by conducting research on the Internet Find 8-10 significant milestones in the counseling and mental health industry Focus on the 20 th ( ) & 21 st century (2001 – 2099) Milestones, evolution, history, contributions

The twentieth century brought significant change to theories and perspectives of mental illness and its treatments.

All behavior is meaningful and is influenced by unconscious impulse and conflicts. Our childhood experiences and unconscious desires influences our behavior. Memories, beliefs, urges, drives and instincts we are not always aware of

A Viennese physician Considered the founder of psychoanalysis He believed that people were driven by hidden impulses It is his belief that the mind has three basic structures, the id, ego, and superego.

ID – unconscious part of the brain Developed after birth Demands immediate gratification EGO – part of our conscious/unconscious mind Reality principle Seeks long-term gratification SUPER EGO Developed around age 4 Moral compass/ conscience

Freud Theory: Id, Ego, & Super Ego Freud Theory: Id, Ego, & Super Ego

Swiss psychiatrist Introduced the concept of the collective unconscious which is described as a store of ideas and images of the experiences shared by all humans called archetypes.

His first achievement was to differentiate two classes of people according to attitude types: extraverted (outward- looking) and introverted (inward-looking). Later he differentiated four functions of the mind—thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition—one or more of which predominate in any given person.

Behavior is learned and can be reinforced or modified. One’s personality is a result of the interaction between an individual and their environment Focused on observable and measurable behavior rather than mental or emotional behaviors.

Psychologist Introduced the principles of reinforcement, that behavior is learned from environmental experiences. Concept of operant conditioning  using rewards/punishments to increase/decrease a behavior

Considered by many as the father of behaviorism Associated with classical conditioning Pavlov Dog Places a neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus to trigger an involuntary response

Considered to be the founder of behaviorism Defined psychology as the scientific study of behavior.

Coined the term "Behaviorism" in He derived much of his thinking from Pavlov's animal studies (classical conditioning).  Aspects of Watson's theory: He opposed mentalistic concepts He used contiguity to explain learning He considered emotion to be just another example of classical conditioning He rejected the notion of individual differences He thought complex behaviors came about through combinations of identifiable reflexes He was a chief proponent of "nurture" and believed that all human differences were the result of learning He believed that practice strengthens learning

Existential Perspective – stresses self-fulfillment and the importance of consciousness, self- awareness, and the ability to make choices. Individuals have free will and we can actively develop ourselves to our highest potential and reach self-actualization.

In the 1950’s through 1960’s, Carl Rogers believed that “self-actualization” was the way to live a genuine life and that treatment must be client- centered. Self-actualization is the need to become what one believes he or she is capable of being. Used Maslow’s ideas and stated self-actualization is a constant growth process that is nurtured in a growth-promoting climate.

To help someone reach self-actualization, there are two conditions that need to be met: Growth is nurtured when an individual is being genuine  open/revealing about themselves Growth is nurtured through acceptance and acceptance from others.

Introduced a Hierarchy of Needs that stated basic needs must be met before higher level needs can be realized. He was a psychologist who originally presented his Hierarchy of Needs as a theory in a paper in 1943 titled A Theory of Human Motivation. Unlike other psychologists, Maslow focused on studying “exemplary people” instead of people with mental illness. In his research, he spent much of his time studying the healthiest one percent of college students.

Founded by Fredrick Perls Based on the idea that perceptions are more than the sums of their parts. It focuses on the here and now. He claims what someone is feeling or perceiving, or what is happening at the time, is more important than what should be or could be.

Focuses on the function of thoughts in determining behavior. It is based on information processing for the brain and that faulty processing or thinking locks a person into dark, inflexible ways of thinking and behaving.

Reality for each person is created through communication with others and is a type of communication therapy. This theory emphasizes that the choice, use and order of words influences one’s perceptions of their own experiences.

Neuropsycholog Neuropsychology individuals are chemically treated to behave in particular ways due to genetic makeup. Psychopharmacology Psychopharmacology is the use of drugs to help maintain more “normal” neurology.

Create/draw a pyramid Find/draw pics that reflect each need Label and define each level of need List needs that belong to the level On the back of your paper/pyramid, provide examples on how each need can be met