1 The Great Global Convergence 1400 – 1800 C.E. Unit 5

2 What was global convergence? Converge means to come together. Change accelerated when people, resources, and ideas from the whole world came together. That made the world more like we know it today—more modern! Accelerate means to speed up.

Scholarship and the arts grew and spread Religious ideas were contested and spread to new lands Trade became global, new industries developed and the economy began to modernize Global empires emerged for the first time and governments centralized. Patterns that began during the last unit continued to bring about change – particularly in Europe.

4 1. Knowledge Flowered Knowledge of ancient Greece and Rome disappeared after the fall of the Western Roman Empire Ancient knowledge re-entered Europe during the 12 th century. Its origins were Greek, Arabic, Chinese, and Indian. Natural sciences, math, applied sciences, philosophy, geography and history re-emerged. Known as the Renaissance – means rebirth

5 1. The Printing Press Printing technology spread from China to Europe. Gutenberg’s printing press with moveable type could reproduce pages quickly, adding woodcut illustrations. By the time he invented his printing press, papermaking had spread to Europe. In the first century of printing, thousands of books were sold and added to Europe’s growing libraries. The printing press made the Renaissance possible

6 Maps reflected discovery and colonization and helped exchanges of knowledge among people in the world. Slide Maps

Scholarship and the arts grew and spread Religious ideas were contested and spread to new lands Trade became global, new industries developed and the economy began to modernize Global empires emerged for the first time and governments centralized. Patterns that began during the last unit continued to bring about change – particularly in Europe.

8 2. Christian Traditions are Questioned Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church’s authority and brought on the Protestant Reformation after Western Christianity split into 2 camps: Protestant and Catholic Political leaders took sides, spawning European religious and national conflicts that lasted more than a century—to the mid-1600s.

9 2. Islam and Christianity Spread Globally Traders and Sufi orders spread Islam in Africa and Asia. The Ottoman Empire expanded into eastern Europe, and Islam spread into the Balkans. Catholic missionaries and religious orders followed the spread of empires in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Protestants colonized North America. Slide 22

Scholarship and the arts grew and spread Religious ideas were contested and spread to new lands Trade became global, new industries developed and the economy began to modernize Global empires emerged for the first time and governments centralized. Patterns that began during the last unit continued to bring about change – particularly in Europe.

11 3. Asian Voyages Ottoman Turkish naval vessels patrolled the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, and the Indian Ocean. Zheng He, Admiral of the Ming fleet, made seven voyages around the Indian Ocean. Indian Ocean trade routes attracted merchants as they had for centuries.

12 3. Maritime Technology Chinese sternpost rudder Arab lateen sail Chinese compass Muslim portolan charts and maps New technologies from Asia led to new European ship designs in the 15 th century.

13 Columbus 1492 Vasco da Gama 1498 Magellan 1519 After 1415, European mariners made voyages across the seas toward east and west. By 1519, Spanish ships had circumnavigated the globe. Slide European Voyages

14 3. New Industries Emerge in Europe Chinese silks and Indian cottons led to English and French textile factories Ottoman and Persian ceramics led to Holland’s Delft stoneware industry Chinese influence led English manufacturers to make “china” – once they found the right clay

15 Commercial law protected private property and investments. More efficient bureaucracies and taxation increased the power of the government’s purse. European kings issued charters to colonize overseas. Jurists experimented with civil and constitutional law. 3. Banking And Laws Change in Europe

Scholarship and the arts grew and spread Religious ideas were debated and spread to new lands Trade became global, new industries developed and the economy began to modernize. 4.G lobal empires emerged for the first time and authority became more centralized. Patterns that began during the last unit continued to bring about change – particularly in Europe

17 Large states in Afroeurasia used gunpowder and artillery to expand trade and win territory throughout the world – creating global empires. Slide 30

18 Monarchs centralize authority Louis XIV France Catherine the Great Russia Elizabeth I England Philip II Spain Xizong Ming China Shah Abbas Persia Jahangir India Süleyman Ottoman Empire Slide 36

Monarchs also…. Claim absolute power over everything in their realms Create large armies and navies Assert state control over the economy, agriculture, people, arts, and the aristocracy Begin building enormous empires 19

20 Persian, Indian, Turkish, Chinese, Japanese, and European artisans experimented with steel production for weapons. Land and maritime empires battled over control of trade, resources, and territory. Gunpowder empires in Asia, Africa, and Europe honed skills in production of artillery and handguns. Slide 31

21 States and Empires in 1519 CE Slide 32

22 States and Empires in 1600 CE Slide 33

23 States and Empires in 1714 CE Slide 34

24 States and Empires in 1804 CE Slide 35

What did all this mean for Europe? New-found wealth through taxation allows European monarchs to centralize authority in their own hands, thus limiting the power of the nobles European monarchs invest their money in new large professional armies and navies – which they use to conquer, expand and convert their global empires. Europe’s newfound wealth led to the Renaissance, religious Reformations, improvement in the banking and tax systems Europe’s desire for a direct trade route to the Spice Islands led to their discovery and colonization of the Americas. Slave labor brought enormous fortunes to European elites 25

26 Charles I, beheaded in 1649 Charles I King George III Rebellion in American Colonies 1776 Do monarchs go too far??????? French Revolution 1789 Louis XVI Slide 37