Introduction to Human Body Chapter 35

Background Vocabulary Anatomy- Study of Structure Physiology- Study of the body’s functions Cytology- Study of the formation, structure, and function of cells Histology- Study of tissues

Tissue: Groups of cells with a common structure and function Organ: Collection of tissues that work together to perform a particular function Organ system: Groups of organs that function together to carry out a major activity of the body

Levels of organization Atom- Molecule- Macromolecule- organelle oxygen- water- protein- mitochondria Cell- tissue- organ- organ system- organism Animal- muscular- heart- circulatory- human

Characteristics of life (Chapter 1) Are highly organized and contain complex substances Are made of cells Use energy Have a definite form and limited size

Characteristics (continued…) Have a limited life span Grow Respond to change in the environment Reproduce Evolve (as a group not as an individual)

Characteristics of Life Growth and repair Reproduction Limited Life Span Made of cells Evolve Use energy Respond to changes Organized Definite size and form

Life processes Nutrition – digest and use nutrients Transport – w/in cells and between cells Respire – cellular and external, release energy Synthesis – proteins, DNA, and metabolism Growth – increase in size Excretion – getting rid of waste Regulation – homeostasis, a body in balance

Tissue 1. Epithelial Covering, lining, glandular tissues

2. Connective Protect, support, bind

3. Muscular Movement, support, heat

4. Nervous Control

11 Organ Systems Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Digestive Urinary Reproductive Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Nervous

Integumentary Structures: skin and structures derived from it hair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands. Functions: Regulate body temperature, protect underlying tissue, eliminate waste, sense Senses: Temperature, pressure, pain, touch

Skeletal Structure: All the bones of the body including associated cartilage’s and joints. Functions: Support and protect the body, produce blood cells, and store minerals.

Muscular Structures: All muscles of the body including skeletal, smooth, and cardiac Functions: Movement, posture, heat.

Digestive Structures: The organs of the alimentary canal and organs associated with it. Functions: Physical and chemical breakdown of food, and elimination of solid food waste.

Urinary Structure: Organs which produce, collect , and eliminate urine. Functions: Regulate the chemistry of the blood, eliminate liquid waste, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, regulate the pH of the body.

Reproductive Structures: Organs which produce, transport, and store sex cells. Functions: Continuation of the individuals genes and the species.

Endocrine Structures: All glands which produce hormones. Functions: Regulate body activities

Cardiovascular Structures: blood, heart, and blood vessels. Functions: Distribute oxygen and nutrients, carry away carbon dioxide and waste, maintain pH, protect against disease, and regulate temperature.

Lymphatic Structures: Lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph glands (spleen, thymus, tonsils) Functions: Return proteins to the blood, filter blood, process blood cells, protect against disease.

Respiratory Structures: Lungs and passageways into and out of them. Functions: Supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide from the tissues.

Nervous Structures: Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous organs. Functions: Regulate body activities and respond to the environment.

Our First System: Integumentary

Structures Skin Nails Glands Sense Receptors largest organ of the body About 6 lbs, 2 m2 .5 mm/week 2 cm/year Protection Moisture Sweat and Oil Touch Pain Pressure Temperature

Functions Protection from invasion, drying, light Control of body temperature Receive stimuli from the environment Excrete water and salts (sweat) Synthesis of Vitamin D

Epidermis 4 layers everywhere except palms and soles Palms and soles have 5 layers It takes 27 days on average for a cell to form in the basale layer, move to the corneum and be sloughed off You lose 9g of skin each day

Keratin (waterproofing) Stratum spinosum Cells form columns to move up Stratum corneum Dead cells, 25-30 rows Stratum lucidum Palms and soles only Stratum granulosum Keratin (waterproofing) Stratum spinosum Cells form columns to move up Stratum basale New cell growth

Skin Color Caucasians Darker Skin Asians Basale, spinosum, and granulosum contain melanin (produced by melanocytes) pink color due to blood in the Dermis layer Darker Skin Have melanin produce in all cell layers, evenly Asians Melanin and carotene in the corneum layer

More to the Epidermis! Touch Receptors – Merkel’s disk Light touch and pressure Free nerve endings Touch, pressure, temperature, pain

Dermis Connective tissue- contains blood vessels, nerves, glands, and hair follicles. Papillary region: Meissners corpuscles = light touch Pacinian corpuscles = vibration and pressure Ruffini’s corpuscles = continuous touch and pressure All three of these receptors can send pain signals!!!

Reticular Region Adipose tissue = fat Sudoriferous glands = sweat Sebaceous glands = sebum (oil)

3 4. Pore (sweat) 5. Stratum corneum 2 7. Sebaceous gland 8. 1 9. Sudoriferous gland 6. Nerve (not shown on this picture)

Hair Protection from sun, dust, wind An individual hair will grow 2-6 years then fall out Hair is dead and filled with keratin Turning gray is a loss of this pigment Growth varies: Typically .3 mm/day Does not grow continuously

Sebaceous glands Release sebum to lubricate and moisten hair and keep the skin moist, soft, and pliable Muscle- arrector pili produces goose bumps (vestigial structure) Cold Fear

Sudoriferous Glands- Sweat glands Eccrine – originally found only in foot cells, but now cool the entire body Sweat – water, salt, and urea (urine) Apocrine – cover the fetus, but lost after 5 mos., stay in the armpit, pubic area, navel, nipples, and ears Active at puberty Oil and protein

Nails Keratin – Same material in hooves and scales 2 cm/year (1mm/week) Does not grow after you are dead

Burn, Baby, Burn Causes heat, chemicals, electricity, radiation Local effects : Large loss of water Infection Reduced circulation Decrease urine output

Degrees? What do they mean? effects epidermis only (red) regenerates rapidly Effects epidermis and dermis Blisters Epidermis and dermis destroyed Blackened tissue, regen. Slow, scarring

Percent burns http://www.emedicinehealth.com/burn_percentage_in_adults_rule_of_nines/article_em.htm