ESS Biomechanics Basic Movements and The Skeletal System

Basic Movements Head: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, R/L Lateral Flexion, R/L Rotation, & Circumduction Trunk: Same as above Shoulder: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Hyperabduction, Hyperadduction, Horizontal Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Med/Lat Rotation, & Circumduction

Basic Movements (Cont.) Sternoclavicular: Elevation & Depression Acromioclavicular: Abduction, Adduction (Protraction & Retraction), & Upward/Downward Rotation Elbow: Flexion, Extension, & Hyperextension Radioulnar: Pronation, & Supination Wrist: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Radial Flexion, Ulnar Flexion, & Circumduction

Basic Movements (Cont.) Metacarpophalangeal (Fingers): Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction Thumb Interphalangeal: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension Carpometacarpal: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Opposition, & Circumduction Metacarpophalangeal: Flexion & Extension

Basic Movements (Cont.) Hip: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Hyperadduction, Horizontal Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Med/Lat Rotation, & Circumduction Knee: Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, & Med/Lat Rotation Ankle: Plantar Flexion, Dorsiflexion Intertarsal: Inversion, & Eversion

Basic Movements (Cont.) Metatarsophalangeal: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, & Circumduction Interphalangeal: Flexion, & Extension

Axial Skeleton Appendicular Skeleton

Internal Structure of Bone Epiphyseal line Medulary Cavity Epiphysis Diaphysis Spongy Trabeculae Compact

Internal Structure of Bone

Bone Remodeling Cycle

Stress & Tissue Adaptation (Remodeling) Pathological Overload Zone Distress (Injury) Overload Zone Eustress (Adaptation) Physiological Loading Zone Maintenance Under-loading Zone Distress (Atrophy)

Stress & Strain Stress: Force within a structure (internal) divided by the cross-sectional area Strain: Measured deformation of an object as a result of stress Linear: A change in the object’s length Shear: A change in an object’s orientation of adjacent molecules

Stress Strain

Stress Strain

Basic Types Tension: Tensile Stress & Strain (Stretching) Stress Strain

Basic Types Compressive Stress & Strain Stress Strain

Basic Types Shear Stress & Strain Stress Strain

Mechanical Loads: Bending

Mechanical Loads: Torsion

Types of Bone Long (Femur) Short (Carpals) Flat (Scapula & Ribs) Irregular (Skull & Vertebrae) Sesamoid (Patella)

Articulations Synarthrodial (Sutures of skull) Amphiarthrodial (Between vertebrae) Diarthrodial (Common)

Planes & Axes

Sagittal Plane (Anterioposterior or Median) Transverse Plane (Horizontal) Frontal Plane (Coronal)

Sagittal-Horizontal Axis Vertical Axis Frontal-Horizontal Axis