World War II Key Ideas Hitler’s Steps to War: 2. Rearmament/Rhineland 3. Austria 4. Munich Conference- Sudentland 5. Czechoslovakia 6. Poland Video

The Road to World War II On your own paper explain what the cartoonist suggests Hitler is doing? Who are the other people in this picture and what does the cartoonist think of them?

January 1933: Hitler became Chancellor of Germany

Hitler soon ordered a programme of rearming Germany Hitler visits a factory and is enthusiastically greeted. Many Germans were grateful for jobs after the misery of he depression years.

March 1936: German troops marched into the Rhineland The Rhineland was a region of Germany that was ‘demilitarised’ after the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was not allowed to have troops in the region. Hitler’s actions showed how he was willing to directly challenge the treaty.

March 1938: Nazi Germany annexed Austria Again, this went against the terms of the Treaty of Versailles which banned Germany from uniting with Austria. However, the arrival of German troops was met with great enthusiasm by many Austrian people.

March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia Hitler had ordered the occupation of a part of Czechoslovakia known as the Sudetenland (in October 1938). Many hoped that that this would be the last conquest of the Nazis. However, in March 1939, he ordered his troops to take over the remainder of Czechoslovakia. This was the first aggressive step that suggested that a war in Europe would soon begin.

Hitler and Stalin (the Russian leader) signed a ‘non- aggression pact’. They promised that neither country would attack the other in the event of war. As part of the deal, Hitler promised Stalin part of Poland, which he planned to invade soon. August 1939: Germany and Russia signed a non-aggression pact This photo shows the Russian foreign minister signing the pact, whilst Stalin stands smiling in the background

The non-aggression pact was surprising. Hitler and Stalin were seen as natural enemies. When Hitler talked of taking over new land for Germany, many thought that he meant Russia. Hitler also hated Communism, the form of government in Russia Hitler Stalin

But, the pact allowed Germany to march into Poland without fear of an attack from Russia. On 3 rd September 1939, Germany invaded Poland and started a War with Britain and France. September 1939: Germany invaded Poland German troops marching into Warsaw, the capital of Poland.

May 1940: Germany turned west and invaded France and the Netherlands In May 1940, Germany used Blitzkrieg tactics to attack France and the Netherlands. British troops were forced to retreat from the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France. British troops were forced to retreat from the beaches of Dunkirk in northern France. Captured British troops, May 1940

Blitzkrieg

Battle of Dunkirk May-June Germany overtook everything in it’s path. They seemed unstoppable Germany overtook everything in it’s path. They seemed unstoppable. Dunkirk was a morale boost for Britain. Even though it was a defeat they saved over 300,000 troops Dunkirk was a morale boost for Britain. Even though it was a defeat they saved over 300,000 troops

By June 1940, France had surrendered to the Germans Britain now stood alone as the last remaining enemy of Hitler’s Germany in Western Europe. Vichy France- Vichy France- June 22, 1940, France divided into two zones: one to be under German military occupation and one to be left to the French in full sovereigntyGerman Adolf Hitler tours Paris after his successful invasion.

Battle of Britain Sept, 1940 Germany wanted to invade Britain, but in order to do so, it had to control the air. Germany wanted to invade Britain, but in order to do so, it had to control the air. This battle was fought in the air between the British RAF and the German Luftwaffe. This battle was fought in the air between the British RAF and the German Luftwaffe. “Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire…. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands.” “Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilization. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire…. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands.” - Winston Churchill "The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” "The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.” – Winston Churchill

Operation Barbarossa, June 1941 But in May, 1941, Hitler ordered a change of tactics. He decided to halt the bombing of Britain and launch an attack against Russia. He betrayed Stalin and ignored the promises he had made. This was a bold move that would prove to be an important turning point in the War.

Review Questions: 1) In what ways did Hitler ignore the Treaty of Versailles? 2) At what stage do you think other countries should have attempted to stop Hitler by using force? Why do you think they did not? 3) How was Hitler able to take over Western Europe so quickly? 4) Why did he create problems for the German army by deciding to invade Russia?

Battle for Moscow October 2, 1941 Moscow itself had been turned into a fortress 422 miles of anti-tank ditches Moscow itself had been turned into a fortress 422 miles of anti-tank ditches 812 miles of barbed wire 30,000 firing points By December, Germany was 18 miles from the center of Moscow By December, Germany was 18 miles from the center of Moscow Germany lost 155,000 men Germany lost 155,000 men Harsh winter temperatures reached -20 at night Harsh winter temperatures reached -20 at night Supply trains had a hard time supplying an army spread out that far Supply trains had a hard time supplying an army spread out that far January of 1942 Hitler withdrew, ending Operation Barbarossa January of 1942 Hitler withdrew, ending Operation Barbarossa

Battle of Stalingrad Winter Last German offensive attack Last German offensive attack Historians believe Hitler went after Stalingrad because it was named after Stalin Historians believe Hitler went after Stalingrad because it was named after Stalin Stalingrad was a complete loss for Germany, 91,000 prisoners taken Stalingrad was a complete loss for Germany, 91,000 prisoners taken Germany was in full retreat after this battle Germany was in full retreat after this battle

Battle of Kursk July, 1943 German was in retreat after Stalingrad, and Hitler was worried about image and morale German was in retreat after Stalingrad, and Hitler was worried about image and morale He launched an offensive He launched an offensive Greatest Tank Battle Greatest Tank Battle Germany lost Germany lost 500,000 men 500,000 men Now in full retreat Now in full retreat

Battle of Normandy June 6 th 1944 US joins the war in Europe and unites with Britain to take back France US joins the war in Europe and unites with Britain to take back France Normandy is the point where the Allied invasion force lands Normandy is the point where the Allied invasion force lands Heavy beach fighting as the force pushes their way inland Heavy beach fighting as the force pushes their way inland

Battle of the Bulge Winter German halted their retreat for one last attack. German halted their retreat for one last attack. Largest battle fought by Americans in WWII Largest battle fought by Americans in WWII The Germans experienced great success to start with. Why was this? Ø The Allies were surprised by the attack. They had received little intelligence that such an attack would take place. Ø Before the attack started, English speaking German soldiers dressed in American uniforms went behind the lines of the Allies and caused havoc by spreading misinformation, changing road signs and cutting telephone lines. Those who were caught were shot after a court martial. Ø The weather was also in Hitler’s favour. Low cloud and fog meant that the superior air force of the Allies could not be used German success last 2 days. Then the weather cleared and the Allies started pushing back.

Battle of Berlin April- May 1945 The Russians from the east and the Allies from the west surround Hitler and his army in Berlin The Russians from the east and the Allies from the west surround Hitler and his army in Berlin On the morning of April 30 th Hitler was informed that German soldiers would soon run out of ammunition. On the morning of April 30 th Hitler was informed that German soldiers would soon run out of ammunition. Hitler and his wife of 1 day Eva Braun committed suicide that afternoon Hitler and his wife of 1 day Eva Braun committed suicide that afternoon Germany surrendered May 2, 1945 Germany surrendered May 2, 1945

Hitler Suicide Reading 1. Who is Eva Braun? 2. List two things Hitler asked for in his will. 3. How did Eva die? 4. How did Hitler die? 5. What happened to their bodies and why? 6. How long was Hitler the Fuhrer of Germany?

WW2 in the Pacific

31 Japanese Goals of the 1930’s Revive economy hit by Depression Revive economy hit by Depression Lead economic modernization in Asia - hoping to one day rival Europe and the United States Lead economic modernization in Asia - hoping to one day rival Europe and the United States Free Asia from western colonial influences Free Asia from western colonial influences Set up “East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Set up “East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” “Asia for Asians” “Asia for Asians” Dominate Asia economically and militarily Dominate Asia economically and militarily

32 Question What might limit Japan’s ability to dominate Asia? What might limit Japan’s ability to dominate Asia?

33 Aggression in Manchuria September 1931, needing the resources of Manchuria the Japanese army invaded September 1931, needing the resources of Manchuria the Japanese army invaded China protested to the League of Nations China protested to the League of Nations The League of Nations “condemned” Japan The League of Nations “condemned” Japan

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35 Tensions Rise in China By 1937, Japanese forces overran much of the northern part of China By 1937, Japanese forces overran much of the northern part of China Rape of Nanking – in 1937 Japanese forces brutalized the population of Nanking – murdering over 300,000 civilians and soldiers in a few months Rape of Nanking – in 1937 Japanese forces brutalized the population of Nanking – murdering over 300,000 civilians and soldiers in a few months

36 WWII in Asia Berlin, Japan joins alliance with Germany and Italy (WHY) Berlin, Japan joins alliance with Germany and Italy (WHY) Looked to European colonies in Southeast Asia for resources Looked to European colonies in Southeast Asia for resources FDR threatened to cut off supplies of scrap metal, rubber, and oil FDR threatened to cut off supplies of scrap metal, rubber, and oil

37 Events leading to Pearl Harbor Believing the United States will not only cut off supplies, but also declare war, the Japanese planned a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor to eliminate the American naval presence in the Pacific Believing the United States will not only cut off supplies, but also declare war, the Japanese planned a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor to eliminate the American naval presence in the Pacific Video Video Video

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39 Effects of Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor December 7, 1941, the Japanese attack Pearl Harbor Japanese miscalculated American response – instead of cowering, the American people rallied together Japanese miscalculated American response – instead of cowering, the American people rallied together December 8, 1941, the United States declares war on Japan December 8, 1941, the United States declares war on Japan

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Japanese Successes 1941 Guam and Wake Island 1941 Guam and Wake Island Philippines, Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore and Burma Philippines, Dutch East Indies, Hong Kong, Malaya, Singapore and Burma 49

50 Japan’s Eventual Defeat

The Dropping of the Atomic Bomb Video Video Video Pictures Pictures Pictures 51

Sadako Sadako Sadako Casualties Casualties Hiroshima (pre-raid 255,000)- Hiroshima (pre-raid 255,000)- 135,000 (estimates) 135,000 (estimates) Nagasaki (pre-raid 195,000)- Nagasaki (pre-raid 195,000)- 64,000 (estimates) 64,000 (estimates) 52

This is a photo of the atomic bomb blast over Nagasaki, Japan. 1. What do you see in the photograph. 2. From what point of view do we see the atomic bomb blast? 3. Where is the photographer situated? Why would he or she have wanted to take the photo from that location? 4. Do you think the photograph glorifies or condemns the power of the bomb? What aspects of the image support your conclusion? 5. Do you think this image removes the emotional impact of the devastating effects of the bomb? How? Why would you want to remove the emotional impact of such a destructive device?

"Awestruck, we watched it shoot upward like a meteor coming from the earth instead of from outer space, becoming ever more alive as it climbed skyward through the white clouds. It was no longer smoke, or dust, or even a cloud of fire. It was a living thing, a new species of being, born right before our incredulous eyes."

Activity There will be two groups. Each group will read their respective packet and pull out arguments for or against dropping the atomic bomb. Then answer the following questions. 1. Describe the events leading up to the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. 1. What was happening in the war? 2. What was happening in the U.S.? 3. What was happening in Japan? 2. If you were the president in 1945, would you have used the atomic bomb on Japan? 3. What was the justification for using the bomb and killing so many people? 4. What were the effects of the bomb in the cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in the days and years following its detonation?