What is a DRE? Tony Corroto DRE/SFST Instructor DRE/SFST

What is a DRE ? Drug Recognition Expert Drug Recognition Expert 1. Impairment not consistent with BAC 2. Suspect is under the influence of drugs medical condition rule out 3. U.I. of category or categories of drugs

12 Step DRE Protocol StandardizedandSystematic

12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation 1. The BAC of the suspect. 2. Interview of Arresting Officer. 3. Preliminary Examination (1 st pulse) fork 4. Eye Examinations 5. Divided Attention Tests 6. Vital Signs Examination (2 nd pulse) 7. Darkroom Examination 8. Muscle Tone 9. Injection Sites Examination (3 rd pulse)

12 Steps of the DRE Evaluation 10. Statements 11. Opinion of DRE 12. Toxicology

Step 1 Breath Alcohol Test To determine whether the specific drug, alcohol, may be contributing to the impairment observable in the subject. To determine whether the specific drug, alcohol, may be contributing to the impairment observable in the subject.

Step 2 Interview with the Arresting Officer Arresting officer may have seen or heard things that would be valuable indicators of the kinds of drugs the suspect has ingested. Arresting officer may have seen or heard things that would be valuable indicators of the kinds of drugs the suspect has ingested. Drug related paraphernalia, information about the subjects behavior. Drug related paraphernalia, information about the subjects behavior.

Step 3 The Preliminary Examination To determine if subject may be suffering from an injury or some other medical condition not necessarily related to drugs. To determine if subject may be suffering from an injury or some other medical condition not necessarily related to drugs. Observations of subjects face, speech and breath; pupil size and tracking ability; initial check of subjects eyes for angle of onset. Observations of subjects face, speech and breath; pupil size and tracking ability; initial check of subjects eyes for angle of onset.

Step 3 Initial examination of the suspect’s pulse. Initial examination of the suspect’s pulse. Here we come to the fork in the roadway. Here we come to the fork in the roadway.

Step 4 Eye Examinations Lack of smooth pursuit Lack of smooth pursuit Distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation Distinct and sustained nystagmus at maximum deviation Estimation of the angle of onset. Estimation of the angle of onset. What is the angle if present. What is the angle if present. Vertical Nystagmus Vertical Nystagmus Lack of Convergence Lack of Convergence

Step 5 Divided Attention Psychophysical Tests Romberg Balance Romberg Balance Walk and Turn Walk and Turn One Leg Stand R One Leg Stand R Finger to Nose Finger to Nose

Step 6 Examination of Vital Signs Second pulse 60 to 90 BPM Second pulse 60 to 90 BPM Blood Pressure 120 to 140 Systolic Blood Pressure 120 to 140 Systolic 70 to 90 Diastolic 70 to 90 Diastolic Body Temperature /- 1 degree F Body Temperature /- 1 degree F

Step 7 Dark Room Examinations Room Light – Average – 5.0mm Room Light – Average – 5.0mm Near Total darkness – Average – 8.5 mm Near Total darkness – Average – 8.5 mm Direct light – Average mm Direct light – Average mm Rebound dilation Rebound dilation Nasal and oral cavity examination Nasal and oral cavity examination

Step 8 Check for Muscle Tone Tense or rigid Tense or rigid Flaccidity or rubber like Flaccidity or rubber like Normal Normal

Step 9 Examination for Injection Sites Third pulse

Step 10 Interrogation of Suspect Miranda? Yes Miranda? Yes Any such interview can proceed only in conformance with formal admonition and strict observance of the suspect’s Constitutional rights. Any such interview can proceed only in conformance with formal admonition and strict observance of the suspect’s Constitutional rights.

Step 11 Opinion of Evaluator “In my opinion as a certified DRE subject Sergeant Wojciehowicz “Wojo” is under the combined influence of Hallucinations and Cannabis and is unable to operate a motor vehicle safely.”

Step 12 Toxicological Sample

7 Categories of Drugs Central Nervous System Depressants Central Nervous System Depressants Central Nervous System Stimulants Central Nervous System Stimulants Hallucinogens Hallucinogens Dissociative Anesthetics Dissociative Anesthetics Narcotic Analgesics Narcotic Analgesics Inhalants Inhalants Cannabis Cannabis

7 Categories of Drugs Central Nervous System Depressants BarbituratesNon-Barbiturates Anti-anxiety tranquilizers Anti-depressants Anti-psychotic tranquilizers Combinations

7 Categories of Drugs Central Nervous System Stimulants CocaineAmphetaminesMethamphetaminesDesoxynEphedrine

7 Categories of Drugs Hallucinogens Peyote - cactus Psilocybin - mushrooms LSD – lysergic acid diethylamide MDMA, STP, TMA – psychedelic amphetamines

7 Categories of Drugs Dissociative Anesthetic PCP – phencyclidine Ketamine

7 Categories of Drugs Narcotic Analgesics HeroinMethodoneMorphineCodeineDilaudidHycodanDemerol

7 Categories of Drugs Inhalants Volatile Solvents Anesthetic Gases Aerosols

7 Categories of Drugs CannabisMarijuanaHashish Hashish Oil Marinol

Tony Corroto DRE/SFST Instructor DRE/SFST